// Copyright (c) 2006,2007,2009,2010,2011 Tel-Aviv University (Israel).
// All rights reserved.
//
// This file is part of CGAL (www.cgal.org).
//
// $URL: https://github.com/CGAL/cgal/blob/v6.0.1/Arrangement_on_surface_2/include/CGAL/Arr_geometry_traits/Bezier_x_monotone_2.h $
// $Id: include/CGAL/Arr_geometry_traits/Bezier_x_monotone_2.h 50cfbde3b84 $
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later OR LicenseRef-Commercial
//
// Author(s): Ron Wein     <wein@post.tau.ac.il>
//            Iddo Hanniel <iddoh@cs.technion.ac.il>

#ifndef CGAL_BEZIER_X_MONOTONE_2_H
#define CGAL_BEZIER_X_MONOTONE_2_H

#include <CGAL/license/Arrangement_on_surface_2.h>


/*! \file
 * Header file for the _Bezier_x_monotone_2 class.
 */

#include <CGAL/Arr_geometry_traits/Bezier_curve_2.h>
#include <CGAL/Arr_geometry_traits/Bezier_point_2.h>
#include <CGAL/Arr_geometry_traits/Bezier_cache.h>
#include <CGAL/Arr_enums.h>
#include <ostream>

namespace CGAL {

/*! \class
 * Representation of an x-monotone Bezier subcurve, specified by a Bezier curve
 * and two end points.
 */
template <class Rat_kernel_, class Alg_kernel_, class Nt_traits_,
          class Bounding_traits_>
class _Bezier_x_monotone_2
{
public:

  typedef Rat_kernel_                             Rat_kernel;
  typedef Alg_kernel_                             Alg_kernel;
  typedef Nt_traits_                              Nt_traits;
  typedef Bounding_traits_                        Bounding_traits;
  typedef _Bezier_curve_2<Rat_kernel,
                          Alg_kernel,
                          Nt_traits,
                          Bounding_traits>              Curve_2;
  typedef _Bezier_point_2<Rat_kernel,
                          Alg_kernel,
                          Nt_traits,
                          Bounding_traits>              Point_2;
  typedef _Bezier_x_monotone_2<Rat_kernel,
                               Alg_kernel,
                               Nt_traits,
                               Bounding_traits>         Self;

  typedef unsigned int                                  Multiplicity;

  typedef _Bezier_cache<Nt_traits>                      Bezier_cache;

private:

  typedef typename Alg_kernel::Point_2            Alg_point_2;
  typedef typename Rat_kernel::Point_2            Rat_point_2;

  typedef typename Nt_traits::Integer             Integer;
  typedef typename Nt_traits::Rational            Rational;
  typedef typename Nt_traits::Algebraic           Algebraic;
  typedef typename Nt_traits::Polynomial          Polynomial;

  typedef typename Point_2::Originator               Originator;
  typedef typename Point_2::Originator_iterator      Originator_iterator;
  typedef typename Bounding_traits::Bez_point_bound  Bez_point_bound;
  typedef typename Bounding_traits::Bez_point_bbox   Bez_point_bbox;

  // Type definition for the vertical tangency-point mapping.
  typedef typename Bezier_cache::Curve_id                 Curve_id;
  typedef std::pair<Curve_id, Curve_id>                   Curve_pair;
  typedef typename Bezier_cache::Vertical_tangency_list   Vert_tang_list;
  typedef typename Bezier_cache::Vertical_tangency_iter   Vert_tang_iter;

  // Type definition for the intersection-point mapping.
  typedef typename Bezier_cache::Intersection_list        Intersect_list;
  typedef typename Bezier_cache::Intersection_iter        Intersect_iter;

  // Representation of an intersection point with its multiplicity:
  typedef std::pair<Point_2, Multiplicity>                Intersection_point;

  /*! \class Less_intersection_point
   * Comparison functor for intersection points.
   */
  class Less_intersection_point {
  private:
    Bezier_cache* p_cache;

  public:

    Less_intersection_point(Bezier_cache& cache) : p_cache(&cache) {}

    bool operator()(const Intersection_point& ip1,
                    const Intersection_point& ip2) const
    {
      // Use an xy-lexicographic comparison.
      return (ip1.first.compare_xy(ip2.first, *p_cache) == SMALLER);
    }
  };

  // Type definition for the bounded intersection-point mapping.
  typedef std::list<Point_2>                          Intersection_list;

  /*! \struct Less_curve_pair
   * An auxiliary functor for comparing a pair of curve IDs.
   */
  struct Less_curve_pair
  {
    bool operator()(const Curve_pair& cp1, const Curve_pair& cp2) const
    {
      // Compare the pairs of IDs lexicographically.
      return (cp1.first < cp2.first ||
              (cp1.first == cp2.first && cp1.second < cp2.second));
    }
  };

  /*! \struct Subcurve
   * For the usage of the _exact_vertical_position() function.
   */
  struct Subcurve {
    std::list<Rat_point_2> control_points;
    Rational t_min;
    Rational t_max;

    /*! Get the rational bounding box of the subcurve. */
    void bbox(Rational& x_min, Rational& y_min,
              Rational& x_max, Rational& y_max) const
    {
      typename std::list<Rat_point_2>::const_iterator pit =
        control_points.begin();

      CGAL_assertion(pit != control_points.end());

      x_min = x_max = pit->x();
      y_min = y_max = pit->y();

      for (++pit; pit != control_points.end(); ++pit) {
        if (CGAL::compare(x_min, pit->x()) == LARGER)
          x_min = pit->x();
        else if (CGAL::compare(x_max, pit->x()) == SMALLER)
          x_max = pit->x();

        if (CGAL::compare(y_min, pit->y()) == LARGER)
          y_min = pit->y();
        else if (CGAL::compare(y_max, pit->y()) == SMALLER)
          y_max = pit->y();
      }

      return;
    }
  };

public:

  typedef std::map<Curve_pair,
                   Intersection_list,
                   Less_curve_pair>               Intersection_map;
  typedef typename Intersection_map::value_type   Intersection_map_entry;
  typedef typename Intersection_map::iterator     Intersection_map_iterator;

private:

  // Data members:
  Curve_2       _curve;        /*!< The supporting Bezier curve. */
  unsigned int  _xid;          /*!< The serial number of the basic x-monotone
                                    subcurve of the Bezier curve. */
  Point_2       _ps;           /*!< The source point. */
  Point_2       _pt;           /*!< The target point. */
  bool          _dir_right;    /*!< Is the subcurve directed right
                                    (or left). */
  bool          _inc_to_right; /*!< Does the parameter value increase when
                                    traversing the subcurve from left to
                                    right. */
  bool          _is_vert;      /*!< Is the subcurve a vertical segment. */

public:

  /*! Default constructor. */
  _Bezier_x_monotone_2() :
    _xid(0),
    _dir_right(false),
    _is_vert(false)
  {}

  /*!
   * Constructor given two endpoints.
   * \param B The supporting Bezier curve.
   * \param xid The serial number of the x-monotone subcurve with respect to
   *            the parameter range of the Bezier curve.
   *            For example, if B is split to two x-monotone subcurves at t',
   *            the subcurve defined over [0, t'] has a serial number 1,
   *            and the other, defined over [t', 1] has a serial number 2.
   * \param ps The source point.
   * \param pt The target point.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \pre B should be an originator of both ps and pt.
   * \pre xid is a non-zero serial number.
   */
  _Bezier_x_monotone_2(const Curve_2& B, unsigned int xid,
                       const Point_2& ps, const Point_2& pt,
                       Bezier_cache& cache);

  /*!
   * Get the supporting Bezier curve.
   */
  const Curve_2& supporting_curve() const { return (_curve); }

  /*!
   * Get the x-monotone ID of the curve.
   */
  unsigned int xid() const { return (_xid); }

  /*!
   * Get the source point.
   */
  const Point_2& source() const { return (_ps); }

  /*!
   * Get the target point.
   */
  const Point_2& target() const { return (_pt); }

  /*!
   * Get the left endpoint (the lexicographically smaller one).
   */
  const Point_2& left() const { return (_dir_right ? _ps : _pt); }

  /*!
   * Get the right endpoint (the lexicographically larger one).
   */
  const Point_2& right() const { return (_dir_right ? _pt : _ps); }

  /*!
   * Check if the subcurve is a vertical segment.
   */
  bool is_vertical() const { return (_is_vert); }

  /*!
   * Check if the subcurve is directed from left to right.
   */
  bool is_directed_right() const { return (_dir_right); }

  /*!
   * Get the approximate parameter range defining the curve.
   * \return A pair of t_src and t_trg, where B(t_src) is the source point
   *         and B(t_trg) is the target point.
   */
  std::pair<double, double> parameter_range() const;

  /*!
   * Get the relative position of the query point with respect to the subcurve.
   * \param p The query point.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \pre p is in the x-range of the arc.
   * \return SMALLER if the point is below the arc;
   *         LARGER if the point is above the arc;
   *         EQUAL if p lies on the arc.
   */
  Comparison_result point_position(const Point_2& p,
                                   Bezier_cache& cache) const;

  /*!
   * Compare the relative y-position of two x-monotone subcurve to the right
   * of their intersection point.
   * \param cv The other subcurve.
   * \param p The intersection point.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \pre p is incident to both subcurves, and both are defined to its right.
   * \return SMALLER if (*this) lies below cv to the right of p;
   *         EQUAL in case of an overlap (should not happen);
   *         LARGER if (*this) lies above cv to the right of p.
   */
  Comparison_result compare_to_right(const Self& cv,
                                     const Point_2& p,
                                     Bezier_cache& cache) const;

  /*!
   * Compare the relative y-position of two x-monotone subcurve to the left
   * of their intersection point.
   * \param cv The other subcurve.
   * \param p The intersection point.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \pre p is incident to both subcurves, and both are defined to its left.
   * \return SMALLER if (*this) lies below cv to the right of p;
   *         EQUAL in case of an overlap (should not happen);
   *         LARGER if (*this) lies above cv to the right of p.
   */
  Comparison_result compare_to_left(const Self& cv,
                                    const Point_2& p,
                                    Bezier_cache& cache) const;

  /*! Check whether the two subcurves are equal (have the same graph).
   * \param cv The other subcurve.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \return (true) if the two subcurves have the same graph;
   *         (false) otherwise.
   */
  bool equals(const Self& cv, Bezier_cache& cache) const;

  /*! Compute the intersections with the given subcurve.
   * \param cv The other subcurve.
   * \param inter_map Caches the bounded intersection points.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \param oi The output iterator.
   * \return The past-the-end iterator.
   */
  template <typename OutputIterator>
  OutputIterator intersect(const Self& cv,
                           Intersection_map& inter_map,
                           Bezier_cache& cache,
                           OutputIterator oi) const
  {
    // In case we have two x-monotone subcurves of the same Bezier curve,
    // check if they have a common left endpoint.
    if (_curve.is_same(cv._curve)) {
      if (left().is_same(cv.left()) || left().is_same(cv.right()))
        *oi++ = Intersection_point(left(), 0);
    }

    // Compute the intersections of the two sucurves. Note that for caching
    // purposes we always apply the _intersect() function on the subcurve whose
    // curve ID is smaller.
    std::vector<Intersection_point> ipts;
    Self ovlp_cv;
    bool do_ovlp;

    if (_curve.id() <= cv._curve.id())
      do_ovlp = _intersect(cv, inter_map, cache, ipts, ovlp_cv);
    else
      do_ovlp = cv._intersect(*this, inter_map, cache, ipts, ovlp_cv);

    // In case of overlap, just report the overlapping subcurve.
    if (do_ovlp) {
      *oi++ = ovlp_cv;
      return oi;
    }

    // If we have a set of intersection points, sort them in ascending
    // xy-lexicorgraphical order, and insert them to the output iterator.
    std::sort(ipts.begin(), ipts.end(), Less_intersection_point(cache));
    for (auto ip_it = ipts.begin(); ip_it != ipts.end(); ++ip_it) {
      *oi++ = *ip_it;
    }

    // In case we have two x-monotone subcurves of the same Bezier curve,
    // check if they have a common right endpoint.
    if (_curve.is_same(cv._curve)) {
      if (right().is_same(cv.left()) || right().is_same(cv.right())) {
        *oi++ = Intersection_point(right(), 0);
      }
    }

    return oi;
  }

  /*! Split the subcurve into two at a given split point.
   * \param p The split point.
   * \param c1 Output: The first resulting arc, lying to the left of p.
   * \param c2 Output: The first resulting arc, lying to the right of p.
   * \pre p lies in the interior of the subcurve (not one of its endpoints).
   */
  void split(const Point_2& p, Self& c1, Self& c2) const;

  /*!
   * Check if the two subcurves are mergeable.
   * \param cv The other subcurve.
   * \return Whether the two subcurves can be merged.
   */
  bool can_merge_with(const Self& cv) const;

  /*!
   * Merge the current arc with the given arc.
   * \param cv The other subcurve.
   * \pre The two arcs are mergeable.
   * \return The merged arc.
   */
  Self merge(const Self& cv) const;

  /*!
   * Flip the subcurve (swap its source and target points).
   * \return The flipped subcurve.
   */
  Self flip() const
  {
    // Note that we just swap the source and target of the original subcurve
    // and do not touch the supporting Beizer curve.
    Self  cv = *this;

    cv._ps = this->_pt;
    cv._pt = this->_ps;
    cv._dir_right = ! this->_dir_right;

    return cv;
  }

  Self trim(const Point_2& src, const Point_2& tgt) const
  {
    //this will make a copy.
    Self cv = *this;

    cv._ps = src;
    cv._pt = tgt;

    return cv;
  }

private:
  /*! Check if the given t-value is in the range of the subcurve.
   * \param t The parameter value.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \return If t in the parameter-range of the subcurve.
   */
  bool _is_in_range(const Algebraic& t, Bezier_cache& cache) const;

  /*! Check if the given point lies in the range of this x-monotone subcurve.
   * \param p The point, which lies on the supporting Bezier curve.
   * \param is_certain Output: Is the answer we provide is certain.
   * \return Whether p is on the x-monotone subcurve.
   */
  bool _is_in_range(const Point_2& p, bool& is_certain) const;

  /*! Given a point p that lies on the supporting Bezier curve (X(t), Y(t)),
   * determine whether p lies within the t-range of the x-monotone subcurve.
   * If so, the value t0 such that p = (X(t0), Y(t0)) is also computed.
   * \param p The point, which lies on the supporting Bezier curve.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \param t0 Output: A parameter value such that p = (X(t0), Y(t0)).
   * \param is_endpoint Output: Whether p equals on the of the endpoints.
   * \return Whether p lies in the t-range of the subcurve.
   */
  bool _is_in_range(const Point_2& p,
                    Bezier_cache& cache,
                    Algebraic& t0,
                    bool& is_endpoint) const;

  /*! Compute a y-coordinate of a point on the x-monotone subcurve with a
   * given x-coordinate.
   * \param x0 The given x-coodinate.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \return The y-coordinate.
   */
  Algebraic _get_y(const Rational& x0, Bezier_cache& cache) const;

  /*! Compare the slopes of the subcurve with another given Bezier subcurve at
   * their given intersection point.
   * \param cv The other subcurve.
   * \param p The intersection point.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \pre p lies of both subcurves.
   * \pre Neither of the subcurves is a vertical segment.
   * \return SMALLER if (*this) slope is less than cv's;
   *         EQUAL if the two slopes are equal;
   *         LARGER if (*this) slope is greater than cv's.
   */
  Comparison_result _compare_slopes(const Self& cv,
                                    const Point_2& p,
                                    Bezier_cache& cache) const;

  /*! Get the range of t-value over which the subcurve is defined.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \return A pair comprised of the t-value for the source point and the
   *         t-value for the target point.
   */
  std::pair<Algebraic, Algebraic> _t_range(Bezier_cache& cache) const;

  /*! Compare the relative y-position of two x-monotone subcurve to the right
   * (or to the left) of their intersection point, whose multiplicity is
   * greater than 1.
   * \param cv The other subcurve.
   * \param p The query point.
   * \param to_right Should we compare to p's right or to p's left.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \pre The x-coordinate of the right endpoint of *this is smaller than
   *      (or equal to) the x-coordinate of the right endpoint of cv.
   * \pre p is a common point of both subcurves.
   * \pre Neither of the subcurves is a vertical segment.
   * \return SMALLER if (*this) lies below cv next to p;
   *         EQUAL in case of an overlap (should not happen);
   *         LARGER if (*this) lies above cv next to p.
   */
  Comparison_result _compare_to_side(const Self& cv,
                                     const Point_2& p,
                                     bool to_right,
                                     Bezier_cache& cache) const;

  /*! Clip the control polygon of the supporting Bezier curve such that it
   * fits the current x-monotone subcurve.
   * \param ctrl Output: The clipped control polygon.
   * \param t_min Output: The minimal t-value of the clipped curve.
   * \param t_max Output: The maximal t-value of the clipped curve.
   */
  void _clip_control_polygon(typename Bounding_traits::Control_points& ctrl,
                             typename Bounding_traits::NT& t_min,
                             typename Bounding_traits::NT& t_max) const;

  /*! Approximate the intersection points between the supporting Bezier curves
   * of the given x-monotone curves.
   * \param cv The x-monotone curve we intersect.
   * \param inter_pts Output: An output list of intersection points between
   *                          the supporting Bezier curves.
   *                          In case (*this) and cv are subcurve of the same
   *                          Bezier curve, only the self-intersection points
   *                          between the subcurves are approximated.
   * \return Whether all intersection points where successfully approximated.
   */
  bool _approximate_intersection_points(const Self& cv,
                                        std::list<Point_2>& inter_pts) const;

  /*! Compute the intersections with the given subcurve.
   * \param cv The other subcurve.
   * \param inter_map Caches the bounded intersection points.
   * \param cache Caches the vertical tangency points and intersection points.
   * \param ipts Output: A vector of intersection points + multiplicities.
   * \param ovlp_cv Output: An overlapping subcurve (if exists).
   * \return Whether an overlap has occurred.
   */
  bool _intersect(const Self& cv,
                  Intersection_map& inter_map,
                  Bezier_cache& cache,
                  std::vector<Intersection_point>& ipts,
                  Self& ovlp_cv) const;

  /*! Compute the exact vertical position of the given point with respect to
   * the x-monotone curve.
   * \param p The point.
   * \param force_exact Should we force an exact result.
   * \return SMALLER if the point is below the curve;
   *         LARGER if the point is above the curve;
   *         EQUAL if p lies on the curve.
   */
  Comparison_result _exact_vertical_position(const Point_2& p,
                                             bool
#if !defined(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS)
                                             force_exact
#endif
                                             ) const;

};

/*!
 * Exporter for Bezier curves.
 */
template <typename Rat_kernel, typename Alg_kernel, typename Nt_traits,
          typename Bounding_traits>
std::ostream&
operator<<(std::ostream& os,
           const _Bezier_x_monotone_2
           <Rat_kernel, Alg_kernel, Nt_traits, Bounding_traits>& cv)
{
  os << cv.supporting_curve()
     << " [" << cv.xid()
     << "] | " << cv.source()
     << " --> " << cv.target();

  return os;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Constructor given two endpoints.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_Bezier_x_monotone_2(const Curve_2& B, unsigned int xid,
                     const Point_2& ps, const Point_2& pt,
                     Bezier_cache& cache) :
  _curve(B),
  _xid(xid),
  _ps(ps),
  _pt(pt),
  _is_vert(false)
{
  CGAL_precondition(xid > 0);

  // Get the originators of the point that correspond to the curve B.
  Originator_iterator ps_org = ps.get_originator(B, _xid);
  CGAL_precondition(ps_org != ps.originators_end());

  Originator_iterator pt_org = pt.get_originator(B, _xid);
  CGAL_precondition(pt_org != pt.originators_end());

  // Check if the subcurve is directed left or right.
  const Comparison_result res = _ps.compare_x(_pt, cache);

  if (res == EQUAL) {
    // We have a vertical segment. Check if the source is below the target.
    _is_vert = true;
    _dir_right = (CGAL::compare(_ps.y(), _pt.y()) == SMALLER);
  }
  else
  {
    _dir_right = (res == SMALLER);
  }

  // Check if the value of the parameter t increases when we traverse the
  // curve from left to right: If the curve is directed to the right, we
  // check if t_src < t_trg, otherwise we check whether t_src > t_trg.
  Comparison_result t_res;

  if (CGAL::compare(ps_org->point_bound().t_max,
                    pt_org->point_bound().t_min) == SMALLER ||
      CGAL::compare(ps_org->point_bound().t_min,
                    pt_org->point_bound().t_max) == LARGER)
  {
    // Perform the comparison assuming that the possible parameter
    // values do not overlap.
    t_res = CGAL::compare(ps_org->point_bound().t_min,
                           pt_org->point_bound().t_min);
  }
  else {
    // In this case both exact parameter values must be known.
    // We use them to perform an exact comparison.
    CGAL_assertion(ps_org->has_parameter() && pt_org->has_parameter());

    t_res = CGAL::compare(ps_org->parameter(), pt_org->parameter());
  }

  CGAL_precondition(t_res != EQUAL);

  if (_dir_right) _inc_to_right = (t_res == SMALLER);
  else _inc_to_right = (t_res == LARGER);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Get the approximate parameter range defining the curve.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
std::pair<double, double>
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::parameter_range() const
{
  // First try to use the approximate representation of the endpoints.
  Originator_iterator  s_org = _ps.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(s_org != _ps.originators_end());

  Originator_iterator  t_org = _pt.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(t_org != _pt.originators_end());

  double  t_src = (CGAL::to_double(s_org->point_bound().t_min) +
                   CGAL::to_double(s_org->point_bound().t_max)) / 2;
  double  t_trg = (CGAL::to_double(t_org->point_bound().t_min) +
                   CGAL::to_double(t_org->point_bound().t_max)) / 2;

  return (std::make_pair(t_src, t_trg));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Get the relative position of the query point with respect to the subcurve.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
Comparison_result
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
point_position(const Point_2& p, Bezier_cache& cache) const
{
  Nt_traits nt_traits;

  //First check if the bezier is a vertical segment
  if (is_vertical()) {
    if (! p.is_exact()) p.make_exact(cache);
    if (! _ps.is_exact()) _ps.make_exact(cache);
    if (! _pt.is_exact()) _ps.make_exact(cache);

    if (p.is_rational() && _ps.is_rational() && _pt.is_rational()) {
      const Rat_point_2&  rat_p = (Rat_point_2) p;
      const Rat_point_2&  rat_ps = (Rat_point_2) _ps;
      const Rat_point_2&  rat_pt = (Rat_point_2) _pt;

      Comparison_result res1 = (CGAL::compare(rat_p.y(), rat_ps.y()));
      Comparison_result res2 = (CGAL::compare(rat_p.y(), rat_pt.y()));
      return (res1==  res2 ? res1:EQUAL);
    }

    Comparison_result res1 = (CGAL::compare(p.y(), _ps.y()));
    Comparison_result res2 = (CGAL::compare(p.y(), _pt.y()));
    return (res1==  res2 ? res1:EQUAL);
  }

  if (p.identical(_ps)) {
    return EQUAL;
  }

  // Then check whether the bezier is an horizontal segment or
  // if p has the same x-coordinate as one of the endpoint

  const Comparison_result  res1 =  p.compare_x(_ps, cache);

  if (res1 == EQUAL || nt_traits.degree(_curve.y_polynomial()) <= 0)
  {
    if (! p.is_exact()) p.make_exact(cache);
    if (! _ps.is_exact()) _ps.make_exact(cache);

    // If both point are rational, compare their rational y-coordinates.
    if (p.is_rational() && _ps.is_rational())
    {
      const Rat_point_2& rat_p = (Rat_point_2) p;
      const Rat_point_2& rat_ps = (Rat_point_2) _ps;

      return (CGAL::compare(rat_p.y(), rat_ps.y()));
    }

    // Compare the algebraic y-coordinates.
    return (CGAL::compare(p.y(), _ps.y()));
  }

  if (p.identical(_pt)) return EQUAL;

  const Comparison_result  res2 = p.compare_x(_pt, cache);

  if (res2 == EQUAL) {
    // In this case both points must be exact.
    CGAL_assertion(p.is_exact() && _pt.is_exact());

    // If both point are rational, compare their rational y-coordinates.
    if (p.is_rational() && _pt.is_rational()) {
      const Rat_point_2& rat_p = (Rat_point_2) p;
      const Rat_point_2& rat_pt = (Rat_point_2) _pt;

      return (CGAL::compare(rat_p.y(), rat_pt.y()));
    }

    // Compare the algebraic y-coordinates.
    return (CGAL::compare(p.y(), _pt.y()));
  }

  // Make sure that p is in the x-range of our subcurve.
  CGAL_precondition(res1 != res2);

  // Check for the case when curve is an originator of the point.
  Originator_iterator p_org = p.get_originator(_curve, _xid);

  if (p_org != p.originators_end()) {
    CGAL_assertion_code
      (Originator_iterator ps_org = _ps.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
       CGAL_assertion(ps_org != _ps.originators_end());
       Originator_iterator pt_org = _pt.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
       CGAL_assertion(pt_org != _pt.originators_end()));

    // Check if the point is in the parameter range of this subcurve.
    // First try an approximate check of the parameter bounds.
    bool correct_res;
    bool in_range = false;

    in_range = _is_in_range(p, correct_res);

    if (! correct_res) {
      // Perform the comparison in an exact manner.
      if (! p.is_exact())
        p.make_exact(cache);

      CGAL_assertion(p_org->has_parameter());

      in_range = _is_in_range(p_org->parameter(), cache);
    }

    if (in_range) return (EQUAL);
  }

  // Call the vertical-position function that uses the bounding-boxes
  // to evaluate the comparison result.
  typename Bounding_traits::Control_points cp;

  std::copy(_curve.control_points_begin(), _curve.control_points_end(),
            std::back_inserter(cp));

  Originator_iterator ps_org = _ps.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(ps_org != _ps.originators_end());

  Originator_iterator pt_org = _pt.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(pt_org != _pt.originators_end());

  Comparison_result res_bound = EQUAL;
  typename Bounding_traits::NT x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max;
  bool can_refine;

  p.get_bbox(x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max);

  if (CGAL::compare(ps_org->point_bound().t_max,
                     pt_org->point_bound().t_min) == SMALLER)
  {
    // Examine the parameter range of the originator of the source point
    // with respect to the current subcurve B, and make sure that B(t_max)
    // lies to the left of p if the curve is directed from left to right
    // (or to the right of p, if the subcurve is directed from right to left).
    can_refine = ! _ps.is_exact();
    do
    {
      const Rat_point_2&  ps = _curve(ps_org->point_bound().t_max);

      if ((_dir_right && CGAL::compare(ps.x(), x_min) != LARGER) ||
          (! _dir_right && CGAL::compare(ps.x(), x_max) != SMALLER))
        break;

      if (can_refine) can_refine = _ps.refine();
    } while (can_refine);

    // Examine the parameter range of the originator of the target point
    // with respect to the current subcurve B, and make sure that B(t_min)
    // lies to the right of p if the curve is directed from left to right
    // (or to the left of p, if the subcurve is directed from right to left).
    can_refine = ! _pt.is_exact();
    do
    {
      const Rat_point_2&  pt = _curve(pt_org->point_bound().t_min);

      if ((_dir_right && CGAL::compare(pt.x(), x_max) != SMALLER) ||
          (! _dir_right && CGAL::compare(pt.x(), x_min) != LARGER))
        break;

      if (can_refine)
        can_refine = _pt.refine();
    } while (can_refine);

    // In this case the parameter value of the source is smaller than the
    // target's, so we compare the point with the subcurve of B defined over
    // the proper parameter range.
    res_bound = p.vertical_position(cp,
                                     ps_org->point_bound().t_max,
                                     pt_org->point_bound().t_min);
  }
  else if (CGAL::compare(pt_org->point_bound().t_max,
                          ps_org->point_bound().t_min) == SMALLER)
  {
    // Examine the parameter range of the originator of the source point
    // with respect to the current subcurve B, and make sure that B(t_min)
    // lies to the left of p if the curve is directed from left to right
    // (or to the right of p, if the subcurve is directed from right to left).
    can_refine = ! _ps.is_exact();
    do {
      const Rat_point_2&  ps = _curve(ps_org->point_bound().t_min);

      if ((_dir_right && CGAL::compare(ps.x(), x_min) != LARGER) ||
          (! _dir_right && CGAL::compare(ps.x(), x_max) != SMALLER))
        break;

      if (can_refine)
        can_refine = _ps.refine();
    } while (can_refine);

    // Examine the parameter range of the originator of the target point
    // with respect to the current subcurve B, and make sure that B(t_max)
    // lies to the right of p if the curve is directed from left to right
    // (or to the left of p, if the subcurve is directed from right to left).
    can_refine = ! _pt.is_exact();
    do {
      const Rat_point_2&  pt = _curve(pt_org->point_bound().t_max);

      if ((_dir_right && CGAL::compare(pt.x(), x_max) != SMALLER) ||
          (! _dir_right && CGAL::compare(pt.x(), x_min) != LARGER))
        break;

      if (can_refine)
        can_refine = _pt.refine();
    } while (can_refine);

    // In this case the parameter value of the source is large than the
    // target's, so we compare the point with the subcurve of B defined over
    // the proper parameter range.
    res_bound = p.vertical_position(cp,
                                     pt_org->point_bound().t_max,
                                     ps_org->point_bound().t_min);
  }

  if (res_bound != EQUAL)
    return (res_bound);


  if ( p.is_rational() ){
    const Rational px = ((Rat_point_2) p).x();

    Integer denom_px=nt_traits.denominator(px);
    Integer numer_px=nt_traits.numerator(px);
    Integer poly_px_scale = numer_px * _curve.x_norm();
    Polynomial poly_px = CGAL::sign(numer_px) == ZERO ? Polynomial() : nt_traits.construct_polynomial(&poly_px_scale,0);
    Polynomial poly_x = nt_traits.scale(_curve.x_polynomial(),denom_px) - poly_px;

    std::vector <Algebraic> roots;
    std::pair<double,double> prange = parameter_range();
    nt_traits.compute_polynomial_roots(poly_x,prange.first,prange.second, std::back_inserter(roots));

    //p is in the range and the curve is x-monotone
    CGAL_assertion(roots.size() == 1);

    return CGAL::compare(
      ((Rat_point_2) p).y(),
      nt_traits.evaluate_at(_curve.y_polynomial(), *roots.begin())
    );
  }

  // In this case we have to switch to exact computations and check whether
  // p lies of the given subcurve. We take one of p's originating curves and
  // compute its intersections with our x-monotone curve.
  if (! p.is_exact())
    p.make_exact(cache);

  CGAL_assertion(p.originators_begin() != p.originators_end());

  Originator   org = *(p.originators_begin());
  bool         do_ovlp;
  bool         swap_order = (_curve.id() > org.curve().id());
  const Intersect_list&  inter_list = (! swap_order ?
    (cache.get_intersections(_curve.id(),
                              _curve.x_polynomial(), _curve.x_norm(),
                              _curve.y_polynomial(), _curve.y_norm(),
                              org.curve().id(),
                              org.curve().x_polynomial(), org.curve().x_norm(),
                              org.curve().y_polynomial(), org.curve().y_norm(),
                              do_ovlp)) :
    (cache.get_intersections(org.curve().id(),
                              org.curve().x_polynomial(), org.curve().x_norm(),
                              org.curve().y_polynomial(), org.curve().y_norm(),
                              _curve.id(),
                              _curve.x_polynomial(), _curve.x_norm(),
                              _curve.y_polynomial(), _curve.y_norm(),
                              do_ovlp)));

  if (do_ovlp) return EQUAL;

  // Go over the intersection points and look for p there.
  for (auto iit = inter_list.begin(); iit != inter_list.end(); ++iit) {
    // Get the parameter of the originator and compare it to p's parameter.
    const Algebraic& s = swap_order ? iit->s : iit->t;

    if (CGAL::compare(s, org.parameter()) == EQUAL) {
      // Add this curve as an originator for p.
      const Algebraic& t = swap_order ? iit->t : iit->s;

      CGAL_assertion(_is_in_range(t, cache));

      Point_2& pt = const_cast<Point_2&>(p);
      pt.add_originator (Originator (_curve, _xid, t));

      // The point p lies on the subcurve.
      return EQUAL;
    }
  }

  // We now know that p is not on the subcurve. We therefore subdivide the
  // curve using exact rational arithmetic, until we reach a separation
  // between the curve and the point. (This case should be very rare.)
  // Note that we first try to work with inexact endpoint representation, and
  // only if we fail we make the endpoints of the x-monotone curves exact.
  if (! p.is_exact()) p.make_exact (cache);

  Comparison_result exact_res = _exact_vertical_position(p, false);
  if (exact_res != EQUAL) return (exact_res);
  if (! _ps.is_exact()) _ps.make_exact(cache);
  if (! _pt.is_exact()) _pt.make_exact(cache);

  return (_exact_vertical_position(p, true));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Compare the relative y-position of two x-monotone subcurves to the right
// of their intersection point.
//
template <class RatKer, class AlgKer, class NtTrt, class BndTrt>
Comparison_result
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
compare_to_right(const Self& cv,
                 const Point_2& p,
                 Bezier_cache& cache) const
{
  CGAL_precondition (p.compare_xy (right(), cache) != LARGER);
  CGAL_precondition (p.compare_xy (cv.right(), cache) != LARGER);

  if (this == &cv) return EQUAL;

  // Make sure that p is incident to both curves (either equals the left
  // endpoint or lies in the curve interior). Note that this is important to
  // carry out these tests, as it assures us the eventually both curves are
  // originators of p.
  if (! p.equals (left(), cache)) {
    if (point_position (p, cache) != EQUAL) {
      CGAL_precondition_msg (false, "p is not on cv1");
    }
  }

  if (! p.equals (cv.left(), cache)) {
    if (cv.point_position (p, cache) != EQUAL) {
      CGAL_precondition_msg (false, "p is not on cv2");
    }
  }

  // Check for vertical subcurves. A vertical segment is above any other
  // x-monotone subcurve to the right of their common endpoint.
  if (is_vertical()) {
    // Both are vertical segments with a common endpoint, so they overlap:
    if (cv.is_vertical()) return (EQUAL);
    return (LARGER);
  }
  else if (cv.is_vertical()) return (SMALLER);

  // Check if both subcurves originate from the same Bezier curve.
  Nt_traits nt_traits;

  if (_curve.is_same (cv._curve)) {
    // Get the originator, and check whether p is a vertical tangency
    // point of this originator (otherwise it is a self-intersection point,
    // and we proceed as if it is a regular intersection point).
    Originator_iterator  org = p.get_originator(_curve, _xid);

    CGAL_assertion (org != p.originators_end());

    if (org->point_bound().type == Bez_point_bound::VERTICAL_TANGENCY_PT) {
      CGAL_assertion (_inc_to_right != cv._inc_to_right);

      if (! p.is_exact()) {
        // Comparison based on the control polygon of the bounded vertical
        // tangency point, using the fact this polygon is y-monotone.
        const typename Bounding_traits::Control_points& cp =
          org->point_bound().ctrl;

        if (_inc_to_right) {
          return (CGAL::compare(cp.back().y(), cp.front().y()));
        }
        else {
          return (CGAL::compare(cp.front().y(), cp.back().y()));
        }
      }

      // Iddo: Handle rational points (using de Casteljau derivative)?

      // In this case we know that we have a vertical tangency at t0, so
      // X'(t0) = 0. We evaluate the sign of Y'(t0) in order to find the
      // vertical position of the two subcurves to the right of this point.
      CGAL_assertion(org->has_parameter());

      const Algebraic& t0 = org->parameter();
      Polynomial polyY_der = nt_traits.derive(_curve.y_polynomial());
      const CGAL::Sign sign_der =
        CGAL::sign(nt_traits.evaluate_at(polyY_der, t0));

      CGAL_assertion(sign_der != CGAL::ZERO);

      if (_inc_to_right)
        return ((sign_der == CGAL::POSITIVE) ? LARGER : SMALLER);
      else
        return ((sign_der == CGAL::NEGATIVE) ? LARGER : SMALLER);
    }
  }

  // Compare the slopes of the two supporting curves at p. In the general
  // case, the slopes are not equal and their comparison gives us the
  // vertical order to p's right.
  Comparison_result slope_res = _compare_slopes(cv, p, cache);

  if (slope_res != EQUAL) return (slope_res);

  // Compare the two subcurves by choosing some point to the right of p
  // and comparing the vertical position there.
  Comparison_result   right_res;

  if (right().compare_x(cv.right(), cache) != LARGER)
  {
    right_res = _compare_to_side(cv, p,
                                  true,           // Compare to p's right.
                                  cache);
  }
  else
  {
    right_res = cv._compare_to_side(*this, p,
                                     true,        // Compare to p's right.
                                     cache);

    right_res = CGAL::opposite(right_res);
  }

  return (right_res);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Compare the relative y-position of two x-monotone subcurve to the left
// of their intersection point.
//
template <class RatKer, class AlgKer, class NtTrt, class BndTrt>
Comparison_result
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::compare_to_left
        (const Self& cv,
         const Point_2& p,
         Bezier_cache& cache) const
{
  CGAL_precondition(p.compare_xy(left(), cache) != SMALLER);
  CGAL_precondition(p.compare_xy(cv.left(), cache) != SMALLER);

  if (this == &cv)
    return (EQUAL);

  // Make sure that p is incident to both curves (either equals the right
  // endpoint or lies in the curve interior). Note that this is important to
  // carry out these tests, as it assures us the eventually both curves are
  // originators of p.
  if (! p.equals(right(), cache))
  {
    if (point_position(p, cache) != EQUAL)
    {
      CGAL_precondition_msg(false, "p is not on cv1");
    }
  }

  if (! p.equals(cv.right(), cache))
  {
    if (cv.point_position(p, cache) != EQUAL)
    {
      CGAL_precondition_msg(false, "p is not on cv2");
    }
  }

  // Check for vertical subcurves. A vertical segment is below any other
  // x-monotone subcurve to the left of their common endpoint.
  if (is_vertical())
  {
    if (cv.is_vertical())
      // Both are vertical segments with a common endpoint, so they overlap:
      return (EQUAL);

    return (SMALLER);
  }
  else if (cv.is_vertical())
  {
    return (LARGER);
  }

  // Check if both subcurves originate from the same Bezier curve.
  Nt_traits       nt_traits;

  if (_curve.is_same(cv._curve))
  {
    // Get the originator, and check whether p is a vertical tangency
    // point of this originator (otherwise it is a self-intersection point,
    // and we proceed as if it is a regular intersection point).
    Originator_iterator  org = p.get_originator(_curve, _xid);

    CGAL_assertion(org != p.originators_end());

    if (org->point_bound().type == Bez_point_bound::VERTICAL_TANGENCY_PT)
    {
      CGAL_assertion(_inc_to_right != cv._inc_to_right);

      if (! p.is_exact())
      {
        // Comparison based on the control polygon of the bounded vertical
        // tangency point, using the fact this polygon is y-monotone.
        const typename Bounding_traits::Control_points& cp =
          org->point_bound().ctrl;

        if (_inc_to_right)
        {
          return (CGAL::compare(cp.front().y(), cp.back().y()));
        }
        else
        {
          return (CGAL::compare(cp.back().y(), cp.front().y()));
        }
      }

      // Iddo: Handle rational points (using de Casteljau derivative)?

      // In this case we know that we have a vertical tangency at t0, so
      // X'(t0) = 0. We evaluate the sign of Y'(t0) in order to find the
      // vertical position of the two subcurves to the right of this point.
      CGAL_assertion(org->has_parameter());

      const Algebraic&  t0 = org->parameter();
      Polynomial        polyY_der = nt_traits.derive(_curve.y_polynomial());
      const CGAL::Sign  sign_der =
        CGAL::sign(nt_traits.evaluate_at(polyY_der, t0));

      CGAL_assertion(sign_der != CGAL::ZERO);

      if (_inc_to_right)
        return ((sign_der == CGAL::NEGATIVE) ? LARGER : SMALLER);
      else
        return ((sign_der == CGAL::POSITIVE) ? LARGER : SMALLER);
    }
  }

  // Compare the slopes of the two supporting curves at p. In the general
  // case, the slopes are not equal and their comparison gives us the
  // vertical order to p's right; note that we swap the order of the curves
  // to obtains their position to the left.
  Comparison_result   slope_res = cv._compare_slopes(*this, p, cache);

  if (slope_res != EQUAL)
    return (slope_res);

  // Compare the two subcurves by choosing some point to the left of p
  // and comparing the vertical position there.
  Comparison_result   left_res;

  if (left().compare_x(cv.left(), cache) != SMALLER)
  {
    left_res = _compare_to_side(cv, p,
                                 false,          // Compare to p's left.
                                 cache);
  }
  else
  {
    left_res = cv._compare_to_side(*this, p,
                                    false,       // Compare to p's left.
                                    cache);
    left_res = CGAL::opposite(left_res);
  }

  return (left_res);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Check whether the two subcurves are equal (have the same graph).
//
template <class RatKer, class AlgKer, class NtTrt, class BndTrt>
bool _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::equals
        (const Self& cv,
         Bezier_cache& cache) const
{
  // Check if the two subcurves have overlapping supporting curves.
  if (! _curve.is_same(cv._curve))
  {
    //special case when curves are vertical
    if (cv.is_vertical()){
      if (is_vertical())
        return compare(left().x(),cv.left().x())==EQUAL;
      return false;
    }

    // Check whether the two curves have the same support:
    if (! _curve.has_same_support(cv._curve))
      return (false);

    // Mark that the two curves overlap in the cache.
    const Curve_id               id1 = _curve.id();
    const Curve_id               id2 = cv._curve.id();

    if (id1 < id2)
      cache.mark_as_overlapping(id1, id2);
    else
      cache.mark_as_overlapping(id2, id1);
  }

  // Check for equality of the endpoints.
  return (left().equals(cv.left(), cache) &&
          right().equals(cv.right(), cache));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Split the subcurve into two at a given split point.
//
template <class RatKer, class AlgKer, class NtTrt, class BndTrt>
void _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
split(const Point_2& p, Self& c1, Self& c2) const
{
  //this was added to handle the case where p is the endpoint of another
  //Bezier curve and the curve is vertical
  if ( p.is_rational() && is_vertical() ){
    Nt_traits nt_traits;
    Rat_point_2 rp = (Rat_point_2) p;
    std::list<Algebraic> sols;

    // typename std::list<Algebraic>::iterator sol = sols.begin();
    Integer rpyn = nt_traits.numerator(rp.y());
    Polynomial poly_y =
      nt_traits.scale(_curve.y_polynomial(),
                      nt_traits.denominator(rp.y())) -
                        nt_traits.construct_polynomial(&rpyn, 0);
    nt_traits.compute_polynomial_roots(poly_y, 0, 1, std::back_inserter(sols));
    CGAL_assertion(sols.size() == 1);
    p.add_originator(Originator(_curve, _xid,*sols.begin()) );
  }

  CGAL_precondition(p.get_originator(_curve, _xid) != p.originators_end() ||
                    p.is_rational());

  // Duplicate the curve.
  c1 = c2 = *this;

  // Perform the split.
  if (_dir_right)
  {
    c1._pt = p;
    c2._ps = p;
  }
  else
  {
    c1._ps = p;
    c2._pt = p;
  }
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Check if the two subcurves are mergeable.
//
template <class RatKer, class AlgKer, class NtTrt, class BndTrt>
bool _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::can_merge_with
        (const Self& cv) const
{
  // Note that we only allow merging subcurves of the same originating
  // Bezier curve (overlapping curves will not do in this case).
  return (_curve.is_same(cv._curve) &&
          _xid == cv._xid &&
          (right().is_same(cv.left()) || left().is_same(cv.right())));

  return (false);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Merge the current arc with the given arc.
//
template <class RatKer, class AlgKer, class NtTrt, class BndTrt>
typename _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::Self
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::merge
        (const Self& cv) const
{
  CGAL_precondition(_curve.is_same(cv._curve));
  CGAL_precondition(_xid == cv._xid);

  Self res = *this;

  if (right().is_same(cv.left())) {
    // Extend the subcurve to the right.
    if (_dir_right) res._pt = cv.right();
    else res._ps = cv.right();
  }
  else {
    CGAL_precondition(left().is_same(cv.right()));

    // Extend the subcurve to the left.
    if (_dir_right) res._ps = cv.left();
    else res._pt = cv.left();
  }

  return (res);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Check if the given t-value is in the range of the subcurve.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
bool _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_is_in_range(const Algebraic& t, Bezier_cache& cache) const
{
  // First try to use the approximate representation of the endpoints.
  Originator_iterator s_org = _ps.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(s_org != _ps.originators_end());

  Originator_iterator t_org = _pt.get_originator (_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(t_org != _pt.originators_end());

  Nt_traits nt_traits;

  bool p_lt_ps =
    CGAL::compare(t, nt_traits.convert(s_org->point_bound().t_min)) == SMALLER;
  bool p_gt_ps =
    CGAL::compare(t, nt_traits.convert(s_org->point_bound().t_max)) == LARGER;
  bool p_lt_pt =
    CGAL::compare(t, nt_traits.convert(t_org->point_bound().t_min)) == SMALLER;
  bool p_gt_pt =
    CGAL::compare(t, nt_traits.convert(t_org->point_bound().t_max)) == LARGER;

  if ((p_gt_ps && p_lt_pt) || (p_lt_ps && p_gt_pt)) {
    // The point p is definitely in the x-range of the subcurve, as its
    // parameter is between the source and target parameters.
    return true;
  }

  if ((p_lt_ps && p_lt_pt) || (p_gt_ps && p_gt_pt)) {
    // The point p is definitely not in the x-range of the subcurve,
    // as its parameter is smaller than both source and target parameter
    // (or greater than both of them).
    return (false);
  }

  // Obtain the exact t-range of the curve and perform an exact comparison.
  std::pair<Algebraic, Algebraic> range = _t_range (cache);
  const Algebraic&                t_src = range.first;
  const Algebraic&                t_trg = range.second;

  const Comparison_result  res1 = CGAL::compare (t, t_src);
  const Comparison_result  res2 = CGAL::compare (t, t_trg);

  return (res1 == EQUAL || res2 == EQUAL || res1 != res2);
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Check if the given point lies in the range of this x-monotone subcurve.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
bool _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_is_in_range(const Point_2& p, bool& is_certain) const
{
  is_certain = true;

  // Check the easy case that p is one of the subcurve endpoints.
  if (p.is_same(_ps) || p.is_same(_pt)) return true;

  // Compare the parameter of p with the parameters of the endpoints.
  Originator_iterator p_org = p.get_originator(_curve, _xid);

  if (p_org == p.originators_end()) {
    CGAL_assertion(p.get_originator(_curve) != p.originators_end());

    // In this case a different x-monotone curve of the supporting Bezier
    // curve is an originator of the point, so we know that p does not
    // lie in the range of our x-monotone subcurve.
    return false;
  }

  Originator_iterator s_org = _ps.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(s_org != _ps.originators_end());

  Originator_iterator t_org = _pt.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(t_org != _pt.originators_end());

  bool can_refine_p = ! p.is_exact();
  bool can_refine_s = ! _ps.is_exact();
  bool can_refine_t = ! _pt.is_exact();

  while (can_refine_p || can_refine_s || can_refine_t) {
    bool p_lt_ps = (CGAL::compare(p_org->point_bound().t_max,
                                  s_org->point_bound().t_min) == SMALLER);
    bool p_gt_ps = (CGAL::compare(p_org->point_bound().t_min,
                                  s_org->point_bound().t_max) == LARGER);
    bool p_lt_pt = (CGAL::compare(p_org->point_bound().t_max,
                                  t_org->point_bound().t_min) == SMALLER);
    bool p_gt_pt = (CGAL::compare(p_org->point_bound().t_min,
                                  t_org->point_bound().t_max) == LARGER);

    if ((p_gt_ps && p_lt_pt) || (p_lt_ps && p_gt_pt)) {
      // The point p is definitely in the x-range of the subcurve, as its
      // parameter is between the source and target parameters.
      return (true);
    }

    if ((p_lt_ps && p_lt_pt) || (p_gt_ps && p_gt_pt)) {
      // The point p is definitely not in the x-range of the subcurve,
      // as its parameter is smaller than both source and target parameter
      // (or greater than both of them).
      return (false);
    }

    // Try to refine the points.
    if (can_refine_p) can_refine_p = p.refine();
    if (can_refine_s) can_refine_s = _ps.refine();
    if (can_refine_t) can_refine_t = _pt.refine();
  }

  // If we reached here, we do not have a certain answer.
  is_certain = false;
  return false;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Given a point p that lies on the supporting Bezier curve (X(t), Y(t)),
// determine whether p lies within the t-range of the x-monotone subcurve.
// If so, the value t0 such that p = (X(t0), Y(t0)) is also computed.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
bool _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_is_in_range(const Point_2& p,
             Bezier_cache& cache,
             Algebraic& t0,
             bool& is_endpoint) const
{
  // The given point p must be rational, otherwise there is no point checking
  // whether it lies in the interior of the curve.
  if (! p.is_rational()) {
    is_endpoint = false;
    return false;
  }

  const Rat_point_2& rat_p = (Rat_point_2) p;

  // Determine the parameter range [t_min, t_max] for our x-monotone
  // subcurve.
  std::pair<Algebraic, Algebraic> t_range = _t_range (cache);
  Algebraic t_min, t_max;

  if ((_dir_right && _inc_to_right) || (! _dir_right && ! _inc_to_right)) {
    t_min = t_range.first;
    t_max = t_range.second;
  }
  else {
    t_min = t_range.second;
    t_max = t_range.first;
  }

  // The given point p must lie on (X(t), Y(t)) for some t-value. Obtain the
  // parameter value t0 for that point. We start by computing all t-values
  // such that X(t) equals the x-coordinate of p.
  Nt_traits nt_traits;
  std::list<Algebraic> t_vals;
  typename std::list<Algebraic>::iterator t_iter;
  Comparison_result res1, res2;
  Algebraic y0;

  if (is_vertical()){
    if ( compare(rat_p.x(),left().x()) == EQUAL) {
      _curve.get_t_at_y(rat_p.y(), std::back_inserter(t_vals));

      for (t_iter = t_vals.begin(); t_iter != t_vals.end(); ++t_iter) {
        // Compare the current t-value with t_min.
        res1 = CGAL::compare(t_min, *t_iter);

        if (res1 == LARGER) continue;

        if (res1 == EQUAL) {
          t0 = t_min;
          is_endpoint = true;
          return (true);
        }

        // Compare the current t-value with t_max.
        res2 = CGAL::compare(t_max, *t_iter);

        if (res2 == EQUAL) {
          t0 = t_max;
          is_endpoint = true;
          return true;
        }

        if (res2 == LARGER) {
          t0 = *t_iter;
          is_endpoint = false;
          return true;
        }
      }
    }
    is_endpoint = false;
    return false;
  }

  _curve.get_t_at_x(rat_p.x(), std::back_inserter(t_vals));
  CGAL_assertion(! t_vals.empty() );

  for (t_iter = t_vals.begin(); t_iter != t_vals.end(); ++t_iter) {
    // Compare the current t-value with t_min.
    res1 = CGAL::compare (t_min, *t_iter);

    if (res1 == LARGER) continue;

    // Make sure the y-coordinates match.
    y0 = nt_traits.evaluate_at(_curve.y_polynomial(), *t_iter) /
         nt_traits.convert(_curve.y_norm());

    if (CGAL::compare(nt_traits.convert(rat_p.y()), y0) == EQUAL) {
      if (res1 == EQUAL) {
        t0 = t_min;
        is_endpoint = true;
        return true;
      }

      // Compare the current t-value with t_max.
      res2 = CGAL::compare (t_max, *t_iter);

      if (res2 == EQUAL) {
        t0 = t_max;
        is_endpoint = true;
        return (true);
      }

      if (res2 == LARGER) {
        t0 = *t_iter;
        is_endpoint = false;
        return (true);
      }
    }
  }

  // In this case, we have not found a t-value in the range of our subcurve,
  // so p does not lie on the subcurve:
  is_endpoint = false;
  return false;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Compute a y-coordinate of a point on the x-monotone subcurve with a
// given x-coordinate.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt,typename BndTrt>
typename _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::Algebraic
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_get_y(const Rational& x0, Bezier_cache& cache) const
{
  // Obtain the t-values for with the x-coordinates of the supporting
  // curve equal x0.
  std::list<Algebraic> t_vals;

  _curve.get_t_at_x(x0, std::back_inserter(t_vals));

  // Find a t-value that is in the range of the current curve.
  Nt_traits nt_traits;
  typename std::list<Algebraic>::iterator t_iter;
  std::pair<Algebraic, Algebraic> t_range = _t_range (cache);
  const Algebraic& t_src = t_range.first;
  const Algebraic& t_trg = t_range.second;
  Comparison_result res1, res2;

  for (t_iter = t_vals.begin(); t_iter != t_vals.end(); ++t_iter) {
    res1 = CGAL::compare (*t_iter, t_src);

    if (res1 == EQUAL) {
      // Return the y-coordinate of the source point:
      return (_ps.y());
    }

    res2 = CGAL::compare (*t_iter, t_trg);

    if (res2 == EQUAL) {
      // Return the y-coordinate of the source point:
      return (_pt.y());
    }

    if (res1 != res2) {
      // We found a t-value in the range of our x-monotone subcurve.
      // Use this value to compute the y-coordinate.
      return (nt_traits.evaluate_at (_curve.y_polynomial(), *t_iter) /
              nt_traits.convert (_curve.y_norm()));
    }
  }

  // If we reached here, x0 is not in the x-range of our subcurve.
  CGAL_error();
  return 0;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Compare the slopes of the subcurve with another given Bezier subcurve at
// their given intersection point.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer,typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
Comparison_result
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_compare_slopes(const Self& cv, const Point_2& p, Bezier_cache& cache) const
{
  // Get the originators of p.
  Originator_iterator org1 = p.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  const bool valid_org1 = (org1 != p.originators_end());

  Originator_iterator org2 = p.get_originator(cv._curve, cv._xid);
  const bool valid_org2 = (org2 != p.originators_end());

  CGAL_assertion(valid_org1 || valid_org2);

  // If the point is only approximated, we can carry out a comparison using
  // an approximate number type.
  if (valid_org1 && valid_org2 && ! p.is_exact()) {
    // If the point is inexact, we assume it is a bounded intersection
    // point of two curves, and therefore the bounding angle these curves
    // span do not overlap.
    const Bez_point_bound& bound1 = org1->point_bound();
    const Bez_point_bound& bound2 = org2->point_bound();
    Bounding_traits bound_tr;

    return (bound_tr.compare_slopes_at_intersection_point(bound1, bound2));
  }

  // Obtain the parameter values t1 and t2 that correspond to the point p.
  // Note that it is possible that one of the curves is not an originator
  // of p. This can happen if p is an endpoint of the other curve (hence
  // it must be a ratioal point!) and lies in its interior. In this
  // (degenerate) case we compute the parameter value and set the appropriate
  // originator for p.
  Nt_traits nt_traits;
  Algebraic t1;
  Algebraic t2;

  if (valid_org1) {
    CGAL_assertion (org1->has_parameter());
    t1 = org1->parameter();
  }
  else {
    bool    is_endpoint1;
    CGAL_assertion_code (bool   in_range1 =)
    _is_in_range (p, cache, t1, is_endpoint1);
    CGAL_assertion (in_range1);
    p.add_originator (Originator (_curve, _xid, t1));
  }

  if (valid_org2) {
    CGAL_assertion (org2->has_parameter());
    t2 = org2->parameter();
  }
  else {
    bool is_endpoint2;
    CGAL_assertion_code(bool in_range2 =)
    cv._is_in_range(p, cache, t2, is_endpoint2);
    CGAL_assertion(in_range2);
    p.add_originator(Originator (cv._curve, cv._xid, t2));
  }

  // The slope of (X(t), Y(t)) at t0 is given by Y'(t0)/X'(t0).
  // Compute the slope of (*this).
  // Note that we take special care of the case X'(t0) = 0, when the tangent
  // is vertical and its slope is +/- oo.
  Polynomial derivX = nt_traits.derive(_curve.x_polynomial());
  Polynomial derivY = nt_traits.derive(_curve.y_polynomial());
  Algebraic numer1 = nt_traits.evaluate_at(derivY, t1) *
    nt_traits.convert (_curve.x_norm());
  Algebraic denom1 = nt_traits.evaluate_at(derivX, t1) *
    nt_traits.convert (_curve.y_norm());
  CGAL::Sign inf_slope1 = CGAL::ZERO;
  Algebraic slope1;

  if (CGAL::sign (denom1) == CGAL::ZERO) {
    inf_slope1 = is_directed_right() ?
      CGAL::sign(numer1) : CGAL::opposite(CGAL::sign(numer1));

    // If both derivatives are zero, we cannot perform the comparison:
    if (inf_slope1 == CGAL::ZERO) return EQUAL;
  }
  else {
    slope1 = numer1 / denom1;
  }

  // Compute the slope of the other subcurve.
  derivX = nt_traits.derive (cv._curve.x_polynomial());
  derivY = nt_traits.derive (cv._curve.y_polynomial());
  Algebraic numer2 = nt_traits.evaluate_at (derivY, t2) *
    nt_traits.convert (cv._curve.x_norm());
  Algebraic denom2 = nt_traits.evaluate_at (derivX, t2) *
    nt_traits.convert (cv._curve.y_norm());
  CGAL::Sign inf_slope2 = CGAL::ZERO;
  Algebraic slope2;

  if (CGAL::sign (denom2) == CGAL::ZERO) {
    inf_slope2 = cv.is_directed_right() ?
      CGAL::sign (numer2) : CGAL::opposite( CGAL::sign (numer2) );

    // If both derivatives are zero, we cannot perform the comparison:
    if (inf_slope2 == CGAL::ZERO) return (EQUAL);
  }
  else {
    slope2 = numer2 / denom2;
  }

  // Handle the comparison when one slope (or both) is +/- oo.
  if (inf_slope1 == CGAL::POSITIVE)
    return (inf_slope2 == CGAL::POSITIVE ? EQUAL : LARGER);

  if (inf_slope1 == CGAL::NEGATIVE)
    return (inf_slope2 == CGAL::NEGATIVE ? EQUAL : SMALLER);

  if (inf_slope2 == CGAL::POSITIVE) return (SMALLER);

  if (inf_slope2 == CGAL::NEGATIVE) return (LARGER);

  // Compare the slopes.
  return (CGAL::compare (slope1, slope2));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Get the range of t-value over which the subcurve is defined.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
std::pair<typename _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt,
                                        BndTrt>::Algebraic,
          typename _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt,
                                        BndTrt>::Algebraic>
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_t_range(Bezier_cache& cache) const
{
  Originator_iterator ps_org = _ps.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(ps_org != _ps.originators_end());

  Originator_iterator pt_org = _pt.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(pt_org != _pt.originators_end());

  // Make sure that the two endpoints are exact.
  if (! ps_org->has_parameter()) _ps.make_exact (cache);
  if (! pt_org->has_parameter()) _pt.make_exact (cache);

  return (std::make_pair(ps_org->parameter(), pt_org->parameter()));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Compare the relative y-position of two x-monotone subcurve to the right
// (or to the left) of their intersection point, whose multiplicity is
// greater than 1.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
Comparison_result
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_compare_to_side(const Self& cv,
                 const Point_2& p,
                 bool to_right,
                 Bezier_cache& cache) const
{
  // Get the intersection points of the two curves from the cache. Note that
  // we make sure that the ID of this->_curve is smaller than of cv's curve ID.
  const bool no_swap_curves = (_curve.id() <= cv._curve.id());
  bool do_ovlp;
  const Intersect_list&  inter_list =
    (no_swap_curves ?
     (cache.get_intersections (_curve.id(),
                               _curve.x_polynomial(), _curve.x_norm(),
                               _curve.y_polynomial(), _curve.y_norm(),
                               cv._curve.id(),
                               cv._curve.x_polynomial(), cv._curve.x_norm(),
                               cv._curve.y_polynomial(), cv._curve.y_norm(),
                               do_ovlp)) :
     (cache.get_intersections (cv._curve.id(),
                               cv._curve.x_polynomial(), cv._curve.x_norm(),
                               cv._curve.y_polynomial(), cv._curve.y_norm(),
                               _curve.id(),
                               _curve.x_polynomial(), _curve.x_norm(),
                               _curve.y_polynomial(), _curve.y_norm(),
                               do_ovlp)));

  // Get the parameter value for the point p.
  Originator_iterator          org = p.get_originator (_curve, _xid);

  CGAL_assertion (org != p.originators_end());
  CGAL_assertion (org->has_parameter());

  const Algebraic& t0 = org->parameter();

  // Get the parameter range of the curve.
  const std::pair<Algebraic, Algebraic>& range = _t_range (cache);
  const Algebraic& t_src = range.first;
  const Algebraic& t_trg = range.second;

  // Find the next intersection point that lies to the right of p.
  Intersect_iter iit;
  Algebraic next_t;
  Comparison_result res = CGAL::EQUAL;
  bool found = false;

  for (iit = inter_list.begin(); iit != inter_list.end(); ++iit) {
    // Check if the current point lies to the right (left) of p. We do so by
    // considering its originating parameter value s (or t, if we swapped
    // the curves).
    const Algebraic& t = (no_swap_curves ? (iit->s) : iit->t);

    res = CGAL::compare(t, t0);
    if ((to_right && ((_inc_to_right && res == LARGER) ||
                      (! _inc_to_right && res == SMALLER))) ||
        (! to_right && ((_inc_to_right && res == SMALLER) ||
                        (! _inc_to_right && res == LARGER))))
    {
      if (! found) {
        next_t = t;
        found = true;
      }
      else {
        // If we have already located an intersection point to the right
        // (left) of p, choose the leftmost (rightmost) of the two points.
        res = CGAL::compare (t, next_t);
        if ((to_right && ((_inc_to_right && res == SMALLER) ||
                          (! _inc_to_right && res == LARGER))) ||
            (! to_right && ((_inc_to_right && res == LARGER) ||
                            (! _inc_to_right && res == SMALLER))))
        {
          next_t = t;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  // If the next intersection point occurs before the right (left) endpoint
  // of the subcurve, keep it. Otherwise, take the parameter value at
  // the endpoint.
  if (found) {
    if (to_right == _dir_right) res = CGAL::compare (t_trg, next_t);
    else res = CGAL::compare (t_src, next_t);
  }

  if (! found ||
      (to_right && ((_inc_to_right && res == SMALLER) ||
                    (! _inc_to_right && res == LARGER))) ||
      (! to_right && ((_inc_to_right && res == LARGER) ||
                      (! _inc_to_right && res == SMALLER))))
  {
    next_t = ((to_right == _dir_right) ? t_trg : t_src);
  }

  // Find a rational value between t0 and t_next. Using this value, we
  // a point with rational coordinates on our subcurve. We also locate a point
  // on the other curve with the same x-coordinates.
  Nt_traits nt_traits;
  const Rational& mid_t = nt_traits.rational_in_interval(t0, next_t);
  const Rat_point_2& q1 = _curve(mid_t);
  const Algebraic& y2 = cv._get_y(q1.x(), cache);

  // We now just have to compare the y-coordinates of the two points we have
  // computed.
  return (CGAL::compare (nt_traits.convert (q1.y()), y2));
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Clip the control polygon of the supporting Bezier curve such that it fits
// the current x-monotone subcurve.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
void _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_clip_control_polygon(typename Bounding_traits::Control_points& ctrl,
                      typename Bounding_traits::NT& t_min,
                      typename Bounding_traits::NT& t_max) const
{
  // Start from the control polygon of the supporting curve.
  ctrl.clear();
  std::copy(_curve.control_points_begin(), _curve.control_points_end(),
            std::back_inserter(ctrl));

  // The x-monotone subcurve is defined over a parameter range
  // 0 <= t_min < t_max <= 1. Determine the endpoint with minimal t-value and
  // the one with maximal t-value.
  const Point_2& p_min = (_inc_to_right ? left() : right());
  Originator_iterator org_min = p_min.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  const Point_2& p_max = (_inc_to_right ? right() : left());
  Originator_iterator org_max = p_max.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  bool clipped_min = false;

  CGAL_assertion(org_min != p_min.originators_end());
  CGAL_assertion(org_max != p_max.originators_end());

  // Check if t_min = 0. If so, there is no need to clip.
  if (! (org_min->point_bound().type == Bez_point_bound::RATIONAL_PT &&
         CGAL::sign(org_min->point_bound().t_min) == CGAL::ZERO))
  {
    // It is possible that the parameter range of the originator is too large.
    // We therefore make sure it fits the current bounding box of the point
    // (which we know is tight enough).
    p_min.fit_to_bbox();

    // Obtain two control polygons, the first for [0, t_min] and the other for
    // [t_min, 1] and take the second one.
    typename Bounding_traits::Control_points cp_a;
    typename Bounding_traits::Control_points cp_b;

    t_min = org_min->point_bound().t_max;
    de_Casteljau_2(ctrl.begin(), ctrl.end(),
                   t_min,
                   std::back_inserter(cp_a),
                   std::front_inserter(cp_b));

    ctrl.clear();
    std::copy(cp_b.begin(), cp_b.end(), std::back_inserter (ctrl));
    clipped_min = true;
  }
  else {
    t_min = 0;
  }

  // Check if t_max = 1. If so, there is no need to clip.
  if (! (org_max->point_bound().type == Bez_point_bound::RATIONAL_PT &&
         CGAL::compare (org_max->point_bound().t_max, 1) == CGAL::EQUAL))
  {
    // It is possible that the parameter range of the originator is too large.
    // We therefore make sure it fits the current bounding box of the point
    // (which we know is tight enough).
    p_max.fit_to_bbox();

    // Obtain two control polygons, the first for [t_min, t_max] and the other
    // for [t_max, 1] and take the first one.
    typename Bounding_traits::Control_points    cp_a;
    typename Bounding_traits::Control_points    cp_b;

    if (clipped_min) {
      t_max = (org_max->point_bound().t_min - t_min) / (1 - t_min);
    }
    else {
      t_max = org_max->point_bound().t_min;
    }

    de_Casteljau_2(ctrl.begin(), ctrl.end(), t_max,
                   std::back_inserter(cp_a), std::front_inserter(cp_b));

    ctrl.clear();
    std::copy(cp_a.begin(), cp_a.end(), std::back_inserter (ctrl));
    t_max = org_max->point_bound().t_min;
  }
  else {
    t_max = 1;
  }

  return;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Approximate the intersection points between the two given curves.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
bool _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_approximate_intersection_points(const Self& cv,
                                 std::list<Point_2>& inter_pts) const
{
  typedef typename Bounding_traits::Intersection_point  Intersection_point;

  inter_pts.clear();

  // Get the supporting Bezier curves, and make local copies of their control
  // polygons.
  const Curve_2& B1 = this->_curve;
  const Curve_2& B2 = cv._curve;
  typename Bounding_traits::Control_points cp1;
  typename Bounding_traits::NT t_min1 = 0, t_max1 = 1;
  typename Bounding_traits::Control_points  cp2;
  typename Bounding_traits::NT t_min2 = 0, t_max2 = 1;
  bool is_self_intersection = false;

  if (! B1.is_same (B2)) {
    // In case B1 and B2 are different curves, use their full control polygons
    // in order to approximate all intersection points between the two
    // supporting Bezier curves.
    std::copy (B1.control_points_begin(), B1.control_points_end(),
               std::back_inserter (cp1));
    std::copy (B2.control_points_begin(), B2.control_points_end(),
               std::back_inserter(cp2));
  }
  else {
    // In this case we need to approximate the (self-)intersection points of
    // two subcurves of the same Bezier curve. Clip the control polygons and
    // obtain the control polygons of the two subcurves.
    _clip_control_polygon (cp1, t_min1, t_max1);
    cv._clip_control_polygon (cp2, t_min2, t_max2);
    is_self_intersection = true;
  }

  // Use the bounding traits to isolate the intersection points.
  Bounding_traits bound_tr;
  std::list<Intersection_point> ipt_bounds;

  bound_tr.compute_intersection_points(cp1, cp2, std::back_inserter(ipt_bounds));

  // Construct the approximated points.
  for (auto iter = ipt_bounds.begin(); iter != ipt_bounds.end(); ++iter) {
    const Bez_point_bound&  bound1 = iter->bound1;
    const Bez_point_bound&  bound2 = iter->bound2;
    const Bez_point_bbox&   bbox = iter->bbox;

    // In case it is impossible to further refine the point, stop here.
    if (! bound1.can_refine || ! bound2.can_refine) return false;

    // Create the approximated intersection point.
    Point_2 pt;

    if (bound1.type == Bounding_traits::Bez_point_bound::RATIONAL_PT &&
        bound2.type == Bounding_traits::Bez_point_bound::RATIONAL_PT)
    {
      CGAL_assertion (CGAL::compare(bound1.t_min, bound1.t_max) == EQUAL);
      CGAL_assertion (CGAL::compare(bound2.t_min, bound2.t_max) == EQUAL);
      Rational t1 = bound1.t_min;
      Rational t2 = bound2.t_min;
      Nt_traits nt_traits;

      if (is_self_intersection) {
        // Set the originators with the curve x-monotone IDs.
        // Note that the parameter values we have computed relate to the
        // parameter range [t_min1, t_max1] and [t_min2, t_max2], respectively,
        // so we scale them back to the parameter range [0, 1] that represent
        // the entire curve.
        t1 = t_min1 + t1 * (t_max1 - t_min1);
        t2 = t_min2 + t2 * (t_max2 - t_min2);

        pt = Point_2(B1, _xid, t1);
        pt.add_originator(Originator (B2, cv._xid, t2));
      }
      else {
        // Set the originators referring to the entire supporting curves.
        pt = Point_2(B1, t1);
        pt.add_originator(Originator (B2, nt_traits.convert (t2)));
      }
    }
    else {
      if (is_self_intersection) {
        // Set the originators with the curve x-monotone IDs.
        // Note that the parameter values we have computed relate to the
        // parameter range [t_min1, t_max1] and [t_min2, t_max2], respectively,
        // so we scale them back to the parameter range [0, 1] that represent
        // the entire curve.
        Bez_point_bound sc_bound1 = bound1;
        sc_bound1.t_min = t_min1 + bound1.t_min * (t_max1 - t_min1);
        sc_bound1.t_max = t_min1 + bound1.t_max * (t_max1 - t_min1);
        pt.add_originator(Originator (B1, _xid, sc_bound1));

        Bez_point_bound sc_bound2 = bound2;
        sc_bound2.t_min = t_min2 + bound2.t_min * (t_max2 - t_min2);
        sc_bound2.t_max = t_min2 + bound2.t_max * (t_max2 - t_min2);
        pt.add_originator(Originator (B2, cv._xid, sc_bound2));
      }
      else
      {
        // Set the originators with the curve x-monotone IDs.
        pt.add_originator(Originator (B1, bound1));
        pt.add_originator(Originator (B2, bound2));
      }
    }
    pt.set_bbox(bbox);

    inter_pts.push_back(pt);
  }

  // The approximation process ended OK.
  return true;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Compute the intersections with the given subcurve.
//
template <typename RatKer, typename AlgKer, typename NtTrt, typename BndTrt>
bool _Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_intersect(const Self& cv,
           Intersection_map& inter_map,
           Bezier_cache& cache,
           std::vector<Intersection_point>& ipts,
           Self& ovlp_cv) const
{
  CGAL_precondition(_curve.id() <= cv._curve.id());

  ipts.clear();

  // In case the two x-monotone curves are subcurves of the same Bezier curve,
  // first check if this base curve is not self-intersecting. If this is the
  // case we can avoid any attempt of computing intersection points between
  // the two subcurves.
  const bool self_intersect = (_curve.id() == cv._curve.id());

  if (self_intersect) {
    if (_xid == cv._xid) return false;
    if (_curve.has_no_self_intersections()) return false;
  }

  // Construct the pair of curve IDs and look for it in the intersection map.
  Curve_pair curve_pair(_curve.id(), cv._curve.id());
  Intersection_map_iterator map_iter = inter_map.find(curve_pair);
  std::list<Point_2> inter_pts;
  bool app_ok = true;

  if (map_iter != inter_map.end()) {
    // Get the intersection points between the two supporting curves as stored
    // in the map.
    inter_pts = map_iter->second;
  }
  else {
    // Approximate the intersection points and store them in the map.
    // Note that we do not store approximated self-intersections in the map,
    // as they relate only to the specific x-monotone curves, and not to the
    // entire curve.
    app_ok = _approximate_intersection_points(cv, inter_pts);

    if (app_ok && ! self_intersect) inter_map[curve_pair] = inter_pts;
  }

  // Try to approximate the intersection points.
  bool in_range1, in_range2;
  bool correct_res;

  if (app_ok) {
    // Approximations are computed using de Casteljau subdivision and
    // filtering using skewed bounding boxes. A property of these bboxes
    // if that it can fail in the following cases: (i) there are two
    // intersection points lying very close together, (ii) there exists an
    // intersection point whose multiplicity is greater than 1, or (iii) the
    // curves overlap. If the approximation went OK, then we know that we have
    // a simple intersection point (with multiplicity 1) if intersection point
    // is not rational (otherwise it is unknown: at this point, an intersection
    // point is rational if it was found as a control point during the de
    // Casteljau subdivision)
    // We go over the points and report the ones lying in the parameter
    // ranges of both curves. Note that in case of self-intersections,
    // all points we get are in the respective parameter range of the curves.
    typename std::list<Point_2>::iterator  pit;

    for (pit = inter_pts.begin(); pit != inter_pts.end(); ++pit) {
      // Check if the point is in the range of this curve - first using
      // its parameter bounds, and if we fail we perform an exact check.
      if (! self_intersect) {
        in_range1 = _is_in_range(*pit, correct_res);
      }
      else {
        in_range1 = true;
        correct_res = true;
      }

      if (! correct_res) {
        if (! pit->is_exact()) pit->make_exact(cache);

        Originator_iterator p_org = pit->get_originator (_curve, _xid);
        CGAL_assertion (p_org != pit->originators_end());

        in_range1 = _is_in_range(p_org->parameter(), cache);
      }

      if (! in_range1) continue;

      // Check if the point is in the range of the other curve - first using
      // its parameter bounds, and if we fail we perform an exact check.
      if (! self_intersect) {
        in_range2 = cv._is_in_range (*pit, correct_res);
      }
      else {
        in_range2 = true;
        correct_res = true;
      }

      if (! correct_res) {
        if (! pit->is_exact()) pit->make_exact (cache);

        Originator_iterator  p_org = pit->get_originator (cv._curve, cv._xid);
        CGAL_assertion(p_org != pit->originators_end());

        in_range2 = cv._is_in_range(p_org->parameter(), cache);
      }

      if (in_range1 && in_range2) {
        // In case the originators of the intersection point are not marked
        // with x-monotone identifiers, mark them now as we know in which
        // subcurves they lie.
        Originator_iterator  p_org1 = pit->get_originator (_curve, _xid);
        CGAL_assertion (p_org1 != pit->originators_end());

        if (p_org1->xid() == 0)
          pit->update_originator_xid(*p_org1, _xid);

        Originator_iterator  p_org2 = pit->get_originator (cv._curve, cv._xid);
        CGAL_assertion (p_org2 != pit->originators_end());

        if (p_org2->xid() == 0)
          pit->update_originator_xid(*p_org2, cv._xid);

        // The point lies within the parameter range of both curves, so we
        // report it as a valid intersection point with multiplicity 1 or unknown.
        ipts.push_back(Intersection_point(*pit, pit->is_rational() ? 0 : 1));
      }
    }

    // Since the apporximation went fine we cannot possibly have an overlap:
    return (false);
  }

  // We did not succeed in isolate the approximate intersection points.
  // We therefore resort to the exact procedure and exactly compute them.
  bool do_ovlp;
  const Intersect_list& inter_list =
    cache.get_intersections(_curve.id(),
                            _curve.x_polynomial(), _curve.x_norm(),
                            _curve.y_polynomial(), _curve.y_norm(),
                            cv._curve.id(),
                            cv._curve.x_polynomial(), cv._curve.x_norm(),
                            cv._curve.y_polynomial(), cv._curve.y_norm(),
                            do_ovlp);

  if (do_ovlp) {
    // Check the case of co-inciding endpoints
    if (left().equals (cv.left(), cache)) {
      if (right().equals (cv.right(), cache)) {
        // The two curves entirely overlap one another:
        ovlp_cv = cv;
        return true;
      }

      Algebraic t_right;
      bool is_endpoint;

      if (_is_in_range(cv.right(), cache, t_right, is_endpoint)) {
        CGAL_assertion(! is_endpoint);

        // Case 1 - *this:   s +-----------+ t
        //             cv:   s'+=====+ t'
        //
        // Take cv as the overlapping subcurve, and add originators for its
        // right endpoint referring to *this.
        ovlp_cv = cv;
        ovlp_cv.right().add_originator(Originator(_curve, _xid, t_right));

        return true;
      }
      else if (cv._is_in_range(right(), cache, t_right, is_endpoint)) {
        CGAL_assertion(! is_endpoint);

        // Case 2 - *this:   s +----+ t
        //             cv:   s'+==========+ t'
        //
        // Take this as the overlapping subcurve, and add originators for its
        // right endpoint referring to cv.
        ovlp_cv = *this;
        ovlp_cv.right().add_originator(Originator(cv._curve, cv._xid, t_right));

        return true;
      }

      // In this case the two curves do not overlap, but have a common left
      // endpoint.
      ipts.push_back(Intersection_point(left(), 0));
      return (false);
    }
    else if (right().equals (cv.right(), cache)) {
      Algebraic t_left;
      bool is_endpoint;

      if (_is_in_range (cv.left(), cache, t_left, is_endpoint)) {
        CGAL_assertion (! is_endpoint);

        // Case 3 - *this:   s +-----------+ t
        //             cv:         s'+=====+ t'
        //
        // Take cv as the overlapping subcurve, and add originators for its
        // left endpoint referring to *this.
        ovlp_cv = cv;
        ovlp_cv.left().add_originator (Originator (_curve, _xid, t_left));

        return (true);
      }
      else if (cv._is_in_range(left(), cache, t_left, is_endpoint)) {
        CGAL_assertion(! is_endpoint);

        // Case 4 - *this:         s +----+ t
        //             cv:   s'+==========+ t'
        //
        // Take this as the overlapping subcurve, and add originators for its
        // left endpoint referring to cv.
        ovlp_cv = *this;
        ovlp_cv.left().add_originator(Originator(cv._curve, cv._xid, t_left));

        return true;
      }

      // In this case the two curves do not overlap, but have a common right
      // endpoint.
      ipts.push_back(Intersection_point(right(), 0));
      return false;
    }

    // If we reached here, none of the endpoints coincide.
    // Check the possible overlap scenarios.
    Point_2 ovrp_src, ovlp_trg;
    Algebraic t_cv_src;
    Algebraic t_cv_trg;
    bool is_endpoint = false;

    if (_is_in_range (cv._ps, cache, t_cv_src, is_endpoint) && ! is_endpoint) {
      if (_is_in_range (cv._pt, cache, t_cv_trg, is_endpoint) && ! is_endpoint)
      {
        // Case 5 - *this:   s +-----------+ t
        //             cv:     s' +=====+ t'
        //
        // Take cv as the overlapping subcurve, and add originators for its
        // endpoints referring to *this.
        ovlp_cv = cv;
        ovlp_cv._ps.add_originator(Originator (_curve, _xid, t_cv_src));
        ovlp_cv._pt.add_originator(Originator (_curve, _xid, t_cv_trg));

        return true;
      }
      else {
        // Case 6 - *this:   s +-----------+ t
        //             cv:            s' +=====+ t'
        //
        // Use *this as a base, and replace its source point.
        ovlp_cv = *this;
        ovlp_cv._ps = cv._ps;
        ovlp_cv._ps.add_originator(Originator (_curve, _xid, t_cv_src));

        // Add an originator to the target point, referring to cv:
        CGAL_assertion_code(bool  pt_in_cv_range =)
        cv._is_in_range(ovlp_cv._pt, cache, t_cv_trg, is_endpoint);
        CGAL_assertion(pt_in_cv_range);
        ovlp_cv._pt.add_originator(Originator(cv._curve, cv._xid, t_cv_trg));

        return true;
      }
    }
    else if (_is_in_range(cv._pt, cache, t_cv_trg, is_endpoint) && ! is_endpoint)
    {
      // Case 7 - *this:      s +-----------+ t
      //             cv:   s' +=====+ t'
      //
      // Use *this as a base, and replace its target point.
      ovlp_cv = *this;
      ovlp_cv._pt = cv._pt;
      ovlp_cv._pt.add_originator (Originator (_curve, _xid, t_cv_trg));

      // Add an originator to the source point, referring to cv:
      CGAL_assertion_code (bool  ps_in_cv_range =)
      cv._is_in_range(ovlp_cv._ps, cache, t_cv_src, is_endpoint);
      CGAL_assertion (ps_in_cv_range);
      ovlp_cv._ps.add_originator(Originator(cv._curve, cv._xid, t_cv_src));

      return (true);
    }
    else if (cv._is_in_range(_ps, cache, t_cv_src, is_endpoint) &&
             cv._is_in_range(_pt, cache, t_cv_trg, is_endpoint))
    {
      // Case 8 - *this:      s +---------+ t
      //             cv:  s' +================+ t'
      //
      // Take *this as the overlapping subcurve, and add originators for its
      // endpoints referring to cv.
      ovlp_cv = *this;
      ovlp_cv._ps.add_originator(Originator(cv._curve, cv._xid, t_cv_src));
      ovlp_cv._pt.add_originator(Originator(cv._curve, cv._xid, t_cv_trg));

      return true;
    }

    // If we reached here, there are no overlaps:
    return false;
  }

  // Go over the points and report the ones lying in the parameter ranges
  // of both curves.
  for (auto iit = inter_list.begin(); iit != inter_list.end(); ++iit) {
    if (_is_in_range (iit->s, cache) && cv._is_in_range(iit->t, cache)) {
      // Construct an intersection point with unknown multiplicity.
      Point_2 pt (iit->x, iit->y, true);        // Dummy parameter.

      pt.add_originator(Originator(_curve, _xid, iit->s));
      pt.add_originator(Originator(cv._curve, cv._xid, iit->t));

      ipts.push_back(Intersection_point(pt, 0));
    }
  }

  // Mark that there is no overlap:
  return false;
}

// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Compute the exact vertical position of the point p with respect to the
// curve.
//
template <class RatKer, class AlgKer, class NtTrt, class BndTrt>
Comparison_result
_Bezier_x_monotone_2<RatKer, AlgKer, NtTrt, BndTrt>::
_exact_vertical_position(const Point_2& p,
                         bool
#if !defined(CGAL_NO_ASSERTIONS)
                         force_exact
#endif
                         ) const
{
  // If it is a rational point, obtain its rational representation.
  Rat_point_2              rat_p;

  if (p.is_rational())
    rat_p = (Rat_point_2) p;

  // Get a rational approximation of the parameter values at the endpoints.
  Nt_traits nt_traits;
  Originator_iterator ps_org = _ps.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion (ps_org != _ps.originators_end());

  Originator_iterator pt_org = _pt.get_originator(_curve, _xid);
  CGAL_assertion(pt_org != _pt.originators_end());

  Rational my_t_min;
  Rational my_t_max;

  bool can_refine_s = ! _ps.is_exact();
  bool can_refine_t = ! _pt.is_exact();

  do {
    if (CGAL::compare(ps_org->point_bound().t_max,
                      pt_org->point_bound().t_min) == SMALLER)
    {
      // In case the parameter value of the source is smaller than the target's.
      my_t_min = ps_org->point_bound().t_max;
      my_t_max = pt_org->point_bound().t_min;
      break;
    }
    else
      if (CGAL::compare (pt_org->point_bound().t_max,
                                     ps_org->point_bound().t_min) == SMALLER)
    {
      // In case the parameter value of the target is smaller than the source's.
      my_t_min = pt_org->point_bound().t_max;
      my_t_max = ps_org->point_bound().t_min;
      break;
    }
    // Try to refine the points.

    if (can_refine_s)
      can_refine_s = _ps.refine();

    if (can_refine_t)
      can_refine_t = _pt.refine();
  }
  while(can_refine_s || can_refine_t);

  // Start the subdivision process from the entire supporting curve.
  std::list<Subcurve> subcurves;
  Subcurve init_scv;
  Rational x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max;
  bool no_x_ovlp;
  Comparison_result res_y_min, res_y_max;

  std::copy(_curve.control_points_begin(), _curve.control_points_end(),
            std::back_inserter(init_scv.control_points));
  init_scv.t_min = 0;
  init_scv.t_max = 1;
  subcurves.push_back (init_scv);

  while (! subcurves.empty())
  {
    // Go over the list of subcurves and consider only those lying in the
    // given [t_min, t_max] bound.
    typename std::list<Subcurve>::iterator iter = subcurves.begin();
    bool is_fully_in_range;

    while (iter != subcurves.end()) {
      if (CGAL::compare(iter->t_max, my_t_min) == SMALLER ||
          CGAL::compare(iter->t_min, my_t_max) == LARGER)
      {
        // Subcurve out of bounds of the x-monotone curve we consider - erase
        // it and continue to next subcurve.
        subcurves.erase(iter++);
        continue;
      }

      // Construct the bounding box of the subcurve and compare it to
      // the bounding box of the point.
      iter->bbox (x_min, y_min, x_max, y_max);

      if (p.is_rational()) {
        no_x_ovlp = (CGAL::compare(x_min, rat_p.x()) == LARGER ||
                     CGAL::compare(x_max, rat_p.x()) == SMALLER);
      }
      else {
        no_x_ovlp = (CGAL::compare(nt_traits.convert (x_min),
                                   p.x()) == LARGER ||
                     CGAL::compare(nt_traits.convert (x_max),
                                   p.x()) == SMALLER);
      }

      if (no_x_ovlp) {
        // Subcurve out of x-bounds - erase it and continue to next subcurve.
        subcurves.erase(iter++);
        continue;
      }

      // In this case, check if there is an overlap in the y-range.
      if (p.is_rational()) {
        res_y_min = CGAL::compare(rat_p.y(), y_min);
        res_y_max = CGAL::compare(rat_p.y(), y_max);
      }
      else {
        res_y_min = CGAL::compare(p.y(), nt_traits.convert (y_min));
        res_y_max = CGAL::compare(p.y(), nt_traits.convert (y_max));
      }

      is_fully_in_range = (CGAL::compare(iter->t_min, my_t_min) != SMALLER) &&
                          (CGAL::compare(iter->t_max, my_t_max) != LARGER);

      if (res_y_min != res_y_max || ! is_fully_in_range) {
        // Subdivide the current subcurve and replace iter with the two
        // resulting subcurves using de Casteljau's algorithm.
        Subcurve           scv_l, scv_r;

        scv_l.t_min = iter->t_min;
        scv_r.t_max = iter->t_max;
        scv_l.t_max = scv_r.t_min = (iter->t_min + iter->t_max) / 2;

        bisect_control_polygon_2(iter->control_points.begin(),
                                 iter->control_points.end(),
                                 std::back_inserter(scv_l.control_points),
                                 std::front_inserter(scv_r.control_points));

        subcurves.insert(iter, scv_l);
        subcurves.insert(iter, scv_r);
        subcurves.erase(iter++);

        continue;
      }

      if (res_y_min == res_y_max) {
        CGAL_assertion(res_y_min != EQUAL);

        // We reached a separation, as p is either strictly above or strictly
        // below the bounding box of the current subcurve.
        return (res_y_min);
      }

      // If we got here without entering one of the clauses above,
      // then iter has not been incremented yet.
      ++iter;
    }
  }

  // We can reach here only if we do not force an exact result.
  CGAL_assertion(! force_exact);
  return EQUAL;
}

} //namespace CGAL

#endif

