# The R Base Package

## Documentation for package ‘base’ version 2.8.1

## Help Pages

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Z misc

## -- --

base-package | The R Base Package

## -- --

! | Logical Operators
!= | Relational Operators
" | Quotes
$ | Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
$.DLLInfo | Get DLLs Loaded in Current Session
$.package_version | Numeric Versions
%% | Arithmetic Operators
%*% | Matrix Multiplication
%/% | Arithmetic Operators
%in% | Value Matching
%o% | Outer Product of Arrays
%x% | Kronecker products on arrays
& | Logical Operators
&& | Logical Operators
' | Quotes
( | Parentheses and Braces
* | Arithmetic Operators
** | Arithmetic Operators
*.difftime | Time Intervals
+ | Arithmetic Operators
+.Date | Operators on the Date Class
+.POSIXt | Date-Time Classes
- | Arithmetic Operators
-.Date | Operators on the Date Class
-.POSIXt | Date-Time Classes
-> | Assignment Operators
->> | Assignment Operators
.Autoloaded | On-demand Loading of Packages
.AutoloadEnv | On-demand Loading of Packages
.BaseNamespaceEnv | Environment Access
.C | Foreign Function Interface
.Call | Foreign Function Interface
.Class | Class Methods
.decode_numeric_version | Numeric Versions
.Defunct | Marking Objects as Defunct
.deparseOpts | Options for Expression Deparsing
.Deprecated | Marking Objects as Deprecated
.Device | Lists of Open/Active Graphics Devices
.Devices | Lists of Open/Active Graphics Devices
.doTrace | Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
.dynLibs | Loading DLLs from Packages
.encode_numeric_version | Numeric Versions
.expand_R_libs_env_var | Search Paths for Packages
.External | Foreign Function Interface
.First | Initialization at Start of an R Session
.First.lib | Loading and Listing of Packages
.First.sys | Initialization at Start of an R Session
.Fortran | Foreign Function Interface
.Generic | Class Methods
.GlobalEnv | Environment Access
.Group | S3 Group Generic Functions
.handleSimpleError | Condition Handling and Recovery
.Internal | Call an Internal Function
.isOpen | References to source files
.Last | Terminate an R Session
.Last.lib | Loading and Listing of Packages
.Last.sys | Terminate an R Session
.Last.value | Value of Last Evaluated Expression
.leap.seconds | Date-Time Classes
.libPaths | Search Paths for Packages
.Library | Search Paths for Packages
.Machine | Numerical Characteristics of the Machine
.makeMessage | Diagnostic Messages
.make_numeric_version | Numeric Versions
.Method | Class Methods
.noGenerics | Loading and Listing of Packages
.NotYetImplemented | Not Yet Implemented Functions and Unused Arguments
.NotYetUsed | Not Yet Implemented Functions and Unused Arguments
.onAttach | Hooks for Name Space events
.onLoad | Hooks for Name Space events
.onUnload | Hooks for Name Space events
.Options | Options Settings
.OptRequireMethods | Initialization at Start of an R Session
.packages | Listing of Packages
.packageStartupMessage | Diagnostic Messages
.Platform | Platform Specific Variables
.Primitive | Call a “Primitive” Internal Function
.primTrace | Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
.primUntrace | Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
.Random.seed | Random Number Generation
.Renviron | Initialization at Start of an R Session
.Rprofile | Initialization at Start of an R Session
.S3PrimitiveGenerics | Internal Generic Functions
.Script | Scripting Language Interface
.signalSimpleWarning | Condition Handling and Recovery
.standard_regexps | Miscellaneous Internal/Programming Utilities
.Traceback | Print Call Stacks
.userHooksEnv | Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
.__H__.cbind | Combine R Objects by Rows or Columns
.__H__.rbind | Combine R Objects by Rows or Columns
/ | Arithmetic Operators
/.difftime | Time Intervals
: | Colon Operator
:: | Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators
::: | Double Colon and Triple Colon Operators
< | Relational Operators
<= | Relational Operators
= | Assignment Operators
== | Relational Operators
> | Relational Operators
>= | Relational Operators
@ | Extract Slots

## -- A --

abbreviate | Abbreviate Strings
abs | Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions
acos | Trigonometric Functions
acosh | Hyperbolic Functions
addNA | Factors
addTaskCallback | Add or remove a top-level task callback
agrep | Approximate String Matching (Fuzzy Matching)
alist | Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
all | Are All Values True?
all.equal | Test if Two Objects are (Nearly) Equal
all.equal.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
all.equal.raw | Test if Two Objects are (Nearly) Equal
all.names | Find All Names in an Expression
all.vars | Find All Names in an Expression
any | Are Some Values True?
aperm | Array Transposition
append | Vector Merging
apply | Apply Functions Over Array Margins
Arg | Complex Vectors
args | Argument List of a Function
Arithmetic | Arithmetic Operators
array | Multi-way Arrays
as.array | Multi-way Arrays
as.call | Function Calls
as.character | Character Vectors
as.character.condition | Condition Handling and Recovery
as.character.Date | Date Conversion Functions to and from Character
as.character.default | Character Vectors
as.character.error | Condition Handling and Recovery
as.character.factor | Character Vectors
as.character.hexmode | Display Numbers in Hexadecimal
as.character.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
as.character.octmode | Display Numbers in Octal
as.character.POSIXt | Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
as.character.srcref | References to source files
as.complex | Complex Vectors
as.data.frame | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.Date | Date Class
as.data.frame.default | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.difftime | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.factor | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.integer | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.list | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.logical | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.matrix | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.model.matrix | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.numeric | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
as.data.frame.ordered | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
as.data.frame.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
as.data.frame.raw | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.table | Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
as.data.frame.ts | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.data.frame.vector | Coerce to a Data Frame
as.Date | Date Conversion Functions to and from Character
as.difftime | Time Intervals
as.double | Double-Precision Vectors
as.double.difftime | Time Intervals
as.double.POSIXlt | Date-time Conversion Functions
as.environment | Coerce to an Environment Object
as.expression | Unevaluated Expressions
as.factor | Factors
as.function | Convert Object to Function
as.hexmode | Display Numbers in Hexadecimal
as.integer | Integer Vectors
as.list | Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
as.list.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
as.logical | Logical Vectors
as.matrix | Matrices
as.matrix.noquote | Class for “no quote” Printing of Character Strings
as.matrix.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
as.name | Names and Symbols
as.null | The Null Object
as.numeric | Numeric Vectors
as.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
as.octmode | Display Numbers in Octal
as.ordered | Factors
as.package_version | Numeric Versions
as.pairlist | Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
as.POSIXct | Date-time Conversion Functions
as.POSIXlt | Date-time Conversion Functions
as.qr | The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
as.raw | Raw Vectors
as.real | Real Vectors
as.single | Double-Precision Vectors
as.symbol | Names and Symbols
as.table | Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
as.vector | Vectors
asin | Trigonometric Functions
asinh | Hyperbolic Functions
AsIs | Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
asS4 | Test for an S4 object
assign | Assign a Value to a Name
assignOps | Assignment Operators
atan | Trigonometric Functions
atan2 | Trigonometric Functions
atanh | Hyperbolic Functions
atomic | Vectors
attach | Attach Set of R Objects to Search Path
attachNamespace | Loading and Unloading Name Spaces
attr | Object Attributes
attr.all.equal | Test if Two Objects are (Nearly) Equal
attributes | Object Attribute Lists
autoload | On-demand Loading of Packages
autoloader | On-demand Loading of Packages
Autoloads | On-demand Loading of Packages

## -- B --

backquote | Quotes
backsolve | Solve an Upper or Lower Triangular System
backtick | Quotes
base | The R Base Package
base-deprecated | Deprecated Functions in Base package
baseenv | Environment Access
basename | Manipulate File Paths
Bessel | Bessel Functions
bessel | Bessel Functions
besselI | Bessel Functions
besselJ | Bessel Functions
besselK | Bessel Functions
besselY | Bessel Functions
beta | Special Functions of Mathematics
bindenv | Binding and Environment Adjustments
bindingIsActive | Binding and Environment Adjustments
bindingIsLocked | Binding and Environment Adjustments
bindtextdomain | Translate Text Messages
body | Access to and Manipulation of the Body of a Function
bquote | Partial substitution in expressions
break | Control Flow
browser | Environment Browser
builtins | Returns the Names of All Built-in Objects
by | Apply a Function to a Data Frame split by Factors
bzfile | Functions to Manipulate Connections

## -- C --

c | Combine Values into a Vector or List
c.Date | Date Class
c.noquote | Class for “no quote” Printing of Character Strings
c.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
c.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
c.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
call | Function Calls
callCC | Call With Current Continuation
capabilities | Report Capabilities of this Build of R
casefold | Character Translation and Casefolding
cat | Concatenate and Print
cbind | Combine R Objects by Rows or Columns
ceiling | Rounding of Numbers
char.expand | Expand a String with Respect to a Target Table
character | Character Vectors
charmatch | Partial String Matching
charToRaw | Convert to or from Raw Vectors
chartr | Character Translation and Casefolding
check_tzones | Date-Time Classes
chol | The Choleski Decomposition
chol2inv | Inverse from Choleski (or QR) Decomposition
choose | Special Functions of Mathematics
class | Object Classes
clipboard | Functions to Manipulate Connections
close | Functions to Manipulate Connections
close.srcfile | References to source files
closeAllConnections | Display Connections
col | Column Indexes
colMeans | Form Row and Column Sums and Means
colnames | Row and Column Names
colon | Colon Operator
colSums | Form Row and Column Sums and Means
commandArgs | Extract Command Line Arguments
comment | Query or Set a ‘Comment’ Attribute
Comparison | Relational Operators
Complex | S3 Group Generic Functions
complex | Complex Vectors
computeRestarts | Condition Handling and Recovery
condition | Condition Handling and Recovery
conditionCall | Condition Handling and Recovery
conditionMessage | Condition Handling and Recovery
conditions | Condition Handling and Recovery
conflicts | Search for Masked Objects on the Search Path
Conj | Complex Vectors
connection | Functions to Manipulate Connections
connections | Functions to Manipulate Connections
contributors | R Project Contributors
Control | Control Flow
copyright | Copyrights of Files Used to Build R
copyrights | Copyrights of Files Used to Build R
cos | Trigonometric Functions
cosh | Hyperbolic Functions
crossprod | Matrix Crossproduct
Cstack_info | Report Information on C Stack Size and Usage
cummax | Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
cummin | Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
cumprod | Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
cumsum | Cumulative Sums, Products, and Extremes
cut | Convert Numeric to Factor
cut.Date | Convert a Date or Date-Time Object to a Factor
cut.default | Convert Numeric to Factor
cut.POSIXt | Convert a Date or Date-Time Object to a Factor

## -- D --

data.class | Object Classes
data.frame | Data Frames
data.matrix | Convert a Data Frame to a Numeric Matrix
Date | Date Class
date | System Date and Time
date-time | Date-Time Classes
Dates | Date Class
DateTimeClasses | Date-Time Classes
debug | Debug a Function
default.stringsAsFactors | Data Frames
Defunct | Marking Objects as Defunct
delayedAssign | Delay Evaluation
deparse | Expression Deparsing
Deprecated | Marking Objects as Deprecated
det | Calculate the Determinant of a Matrix
detach | Detach Objects from the Search Path
determinant | Calculate the Determinant of a Matrix
dget | Write an Object to a File or Recreate it
diag | Matrix Diagonals
diff | Lagged Differences
difftime | Time Intervals
digamma | Special Functions of Mathematics
dim | Dimensions of an Object
dimnames | Dimnames of an Object
dir | List the Files in a Directory/Folder
dir.create | File and Directory Manipulation
dirname | Manipulate File Paths
DISPLAY | Environment Variables
DLLpath | Foreign Function Interface
do.call | Execute a Function Call
double | Double-Precision Vectors
dput | Write an Object to a File or Recreate it
dQuote | Quote Text
drop | Drop Redundant Extent Information
dump | Text Representations of R Objects
duplicated | Determine Duplicate Elements
duplicated.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
duplicated.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
dyn.load | Foreign Function Interface
dyn.unload | Foreign Function Interface

## -- E --

eapply | Apply a Function over values in an environment
EDITOR | Environment Variables
eigen | Spectral Decomposition of a Matrix
else | Control Flow
emptyenv | Environment Access
encodeString | Encode Character Vector as for Printing
Encoding | Read or Set the Declared Encodings for a Character Vector
env.profile | Environment Access
environment | Environment Access
environment variables | Environment Variables
environmentIsLocked | Binding and Environment Adjustments
environmentName | Environment Access
eval | Evaluate an (Unevaluated) Expression
evalq | Evaluate an (Unevaluated) Expression
exists | Is an Object Defined?
exp | Logarithms and Exponentials
expand.grid | Create a Data Frame from All Combinations of Factors
expm1 | Logarithms and Exponentials
expression | Unevaluated Expressions
Extract | Extract or Replace Parts of an Object

## -- F --

F | Logical Vectors
factor | Factors
factorial | Special Functions of Mathematics
FALSE | Logical Vectors
fifo | Functions to Manipulate Connections
file | Functions to Manipulate Connections
file.access | Ascertain File Accessibility
file.append | File and Directory Manipulation
file.choose | Choose a File Interactively
file.copy | File and Directory Manipulation
file.create | File and Directory Manipulation
file.exists | File and Directory Manipulation
file.info | Extract File Information
file.path | Construct Path to File
file.remove | File and Directory Manipulation
file.rename | File and Directory Manipulation
file.show | Display One or More Files
file.symlink | File and Directory Manipulation
files | File and Directory Manipulation
Filter | Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
Find | Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
findInterval | Find Interval Numbers or Indices
findRestart | Condition Handling and Recovery
finite | Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
floor | Rounding of Numbers
flush | Functions to Manipulate Connections
for | Control Flow
force | Force Evaluation of an Argument
Foreign | Foreign Function Interface
formals | Access to and Manipulation of the Formal Arguments
format | Encode in a Common Format
format.Date | Date Conversion Functions to and from Character
format.default | Encode in a Common Format
format.difftime | Time Intervals
format.factor | Encode in a Common Format
format.hexmode | Display Numbers in Hexadecimal
format.info | format(.) Information
format.octmode | Display Numbers in Octal
format.POSIXct | Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
format.POSIXlt | Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
format.pval | Format P Values
formatC | Formatting Using C-style Formats
formatDL | Format Description Lists
forwardsolve | Solve an Upper or Lower Triangular System
function | Function Definition
fuzzy matching | Approximate String Matching (Fuzzy Matching)

## -- G --

gamma | Special Functions of Mathematics
gc | Garbage Collection
gc.time | Report Time Spent in Garbage Collection
gcinfo | Garbage Collection
gctorture | Torture Garbage Collector
get | Return the Value of a Named Object
getAllConnections | Display Connections
getCConverterDescriptions | Management of .C argument conversion list
getCConverterStatus | Management of .C argument conversion list
getConnection | Display Connections
getDLLRegisteredRoutines | Reflectance Information for C/Fortran routines in a DLL
geterrmessage | Stop Function Execution
getHook | Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
getLoadedDLLs | Get DLLs Loaded in Current Session
getNativeSymbolInfo | Obtain a Description of one or more Native (C/Fortran) Symbols
getNumCConverters | Management of .C argument conversion list
getOption | Options Settings
getRversion | Numeric Versions
getSrcLines | References to source files
getTaskCallbackNames | Query the names of the current internal top-level task callbacks
gettext | Translate Text Messages
gettextf | Use C-style String Formatting Commands
getwd | Get or Set Working Directory
gl | Generate Factor Levels
globalenv | Environment Access
gregexpr | Pattern Matching and Replacement
grep | Pattern Matching and Replacement
group generic | S3 Group Generic Functions
GSC | Environment Variables
gsub | Pattern Matching and Replacement
gzcon | (De)compress I/O Through Connections
gzfile | Functions to Manipulate Connections

## -- H --

hexmode | Display Numbers in Hexadecimal
HOME | Environment Variables

## -- I --

I | Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
iconv | Convert Character Vector between Encodings
iconvlist | Convert Character Vector between Encodings
icuSetCollate | Setup Collation by ICU
identical | Test Objects for Exact Equality
identity | Identity function
if | Control Flow
ifelse | Conditional Element Selection
Im | Complex Vectors
in | Control Flow
Inf | Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
inherits | Object Classes
integer | Integer Vectors
interaction | Compute Factor Interactions
interactive | Is R Running Interactively?
internal generic | Internal Generic Functions
InternalGenerics | Internal Generic Functions
InternalMethods | Internal Generic Functions
intersect | Set Operations
intToBits | Convert to or from Raw Vectors
intToUtf8 | Convert to or from UTF-8-encoded Character Vectors
inverse.rle | Run Length Encoding
invisible | Change the Print Mode to Invisible
invokeRestart | Condition Handling and Recovery
invokeRestartInteractively | Condition Handling and Recovery
is.array | Multi-way Arrays
is.atomic | Is an Object Atomic or Recursive?
is.call | Function Calls
is.character | Character Vectors
is.complex | Complex Vectors
is.data.frame | Coerce to a Data Frame
is.double | Double-Precision Vectors
is.element | Set Operations
is.environment | Environment Access
is.expression | Unevaluated Expressions
is.factor | Factors
is.finite | Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
is.function | Is an Object of Type (Primitive) Function?
is.infinite | Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
is.integer | Integer Vectors
is.language | Is an Object a Language Object?
is.list | Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
is.loaded | Foreign Function Interface
is.logical | Logical Vectors
is.matrix | Matrices
is.na | Not Available / “Missing” Values
is.na.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
is.name | Names and Symbols
is.nan | Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
is.null | The Null Object
is.numeric | Numeric Vectors
is.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
is.object | Is an Object “internally classed”?
is.ordered | Factors
is.package_version | Numeric Versions
is.pairlist | Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
is.primitive | Is an Object of Type (Primitive) Function?
is.qr | The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
is.R | Are we using R, rather than S?
is.raw | Raw Vectors
is.real | Real Vectors
is.recursive | Is an Object Atomic or Recursive?
is.single | Is an Object of Single Precision Type?
is.symbol | Names and Symbols
is.table | Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
is.unsorted | Test if an Object is Not Sorted
is.vector | Vectors
isIncomplete | Functions to Manipulate Connections
ISOdate | Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
ISOdatetime | Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
isOpen | Functions to Manipulate Connections
isRestart | Condition Handling and Recovery
isS4 | Test for an S4 object
isSeekable | Functions to Reposition Connections
isSymmetric | Test if a Matrix or other Object is Symmetric
isTRUE | Logical Operators

## -- J --

jitter | Add ‘Jitter’ (Noise) to Numbers
julian | Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object

## -- K --

kappa | Compute or Estimate the Condition Number of a Matrix
kronecker | Kronecker products on arrays

## -- L --

l10n_info | Localization Information
La.svd | Singular Value Decomposition of a Matrix
labels | Find Labels from Object
LANGUAGE | Environment Variables
lapply | Apply a Function over a List or Vector
last.warning | Print Warning Messages
lbeta | Special Functions of Mathematics
lchoose | Special Functions of Mathematics
length | Length of an Object
LETTERS | Built-in Constants
letters | Built-in Constants
levels | Levels Attributes
lfactorial | Special Functions of Mathematics
lgamma | Special Functions of Mathematics
library | Loading and Listing of Packages
library.dynam | Loading DLLs from Packages
licence | The R License Terms
license | The R License Terms
list | Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
list.files | List the Files in a Directory/Folder
load | Reload Saved Datasets
loadedNamespaces | Loading and Unloading Name Spaces
loadNamespace | Loading and Unloading Name Spaces
local | Evaluate an (Unevaluated) Expression
localeconv | Find Details of the Numerical and Monetary Representations in the Current Locale
locales | Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
lockBinding | Binding and Environment Adjustments
lockEnvironment | Binding and Environment Adjustments
log | Logarithms and Exponentials
log10 | Logarithms and Exponentials
log1p | Logarithms and Exponentials
log2 | Logarithms and Exponentials
logb | Logarithms and Exponentials
Logic | Logical Operators
logical | Logical Vectors
lower.tri | Lower and Upper Triangular Part of a Matrix
ls | List Objects

## -- M --

make.names | Make Syntactically Valid Names
make.unique | Make Character Strings Unique
makeActiveBinding | Binding and Environment Adjustments
manglePackageName | Mangle the Package Name
Map | Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
mapply | Apply a function to multiple list or vector arguments
margin.table | Compute table margin
mat.or.vec | Create a Matrix or a Vector
match | Value Matching
match.arg | Argument Verification Using Partial Matching
match.call | Argument Matching
match.fun | Function Verification for “Function Variables”
Math | S3 Group Generic Functions
Math.Date | Date Class
Math.difftime | Time Intervals
Math.factor | Factors
Math.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
Math.POSIXt | Date-Time Classes
matmult | Matrix Multiplication
matrix | Matrices
max | Maxima and Minima
max.col | Find Maximum Position in Matrix
mean | Arithmetic Mean
mean.Date | Date Class
mean.default | Arithmetic Mean
mean.difftime | Time Intervals
mean.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
mean.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
mem.limits | Memory Available for Data Storage
Memory | Memory Available for Data Storage
Memory-limits | Memory Limits in R
memory.profile | Profile the Usage of Cons Cells
merge | Merge Two Data Frames
message | Diagnostic Messages
mget | Return the Value of a Named Object
min | Maxima and Minima
missing | Does a Formal Argument have a Value?
Mod | Complex Vectors
mode | The (Storage) Mode of an Object
month.abb | Built-in Constants
month.name | Built-in Constants
months | Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object

## -- N --

NA | Not Available / “Missing” Values
name | Names and Symbols
names | The Names of an Object
NaN | Finite, Infinite and NaN Numbers
nargs | The Number of Arguments to a Function
NativeSymbol | Obtain a Description of one or more Native (C/Fortran) Symbols
NativeSymbolInfo | Obtain a Description of one or more Native (C/Fortran) Symbols
NA_character_ | Not Available / “Missing” Values
NA_complex_ | Not Available / “Missing” Values
NA_integer_ | Not Available / “Missing” Values
NA_real_ | Not Available / “Missing” Values
nchar | Count the Number of Characters (or Bytes or Width)
NCOL | The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
ncol | The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
Negate | Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
new.env | Environment Access
next | Control Flow
NextMethod | Class Methods
ngettext | Translate Text Messages
nlevels | The Number of Levels of a Factor
noquote | Class for “no quote” Printing of Character Strings
NotYetImplemented | Not Yet Implemented Functions and Unused Arguments
NotYetUsed | Not Yet Implemented Functions and Unused Arguments
NROW | The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
nrow | The Number of Rows/Columns of an Array
NULL | The Null Object
numeric | Numeric Vectors
NumericConstants | Numeric Constants
numeric_version | Numeric Versions
nzchar | Count the Number of Characters (or Bytes or Width)

## -- O --

objects | List Objects
octmode | Display Numbers in Octal
oldClass | Object Classes
on.exit | Function Exit Code
open | Functions to Manipulate Connections
open.srcfile | References to source files
open.srcfilecopy | References to source files
Ops | S3 Group Generic Functions
Ops.Date | Operators on the Date Class
Ops.difftime | Time Intervals
Ops.factor | Factors
Ops.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
Ops.ordered | Factors
Ops.POSIXt | Date-Time Classes
options | Options Settings
order | Ordering Permutation
ordered | Factors
outer | Outer Product of Arrays

## -- P --

packageEvent | Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
packageStartupMessage | Diagnostic Messages
package_version | Numeric Versions
packBits | Convert to or from Raw Vectors
PAGER | Environment Variables
pairlist | Lists - Generic and Dotted Pairs
Paren | Parentheses and Braces
parent.env | Environment Access
parent.frame | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
parse | Parse Expressions
paste | Concatenate Strings
path.expand | Expand File Paths
pi | Built-in Constants
pipe | Functions to Manipulate Connections
pmatch | Partial String Matching
pmax | Maxima and Minima
pmin | Maxima and Minima
polyroot | Find Zeros of a Real or Complex Polynomial
pos.to.env | Convert Positions in the Search Path to Environments
Position | Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
POSIXt | Date-Time Classes
pretty | Pretty Breakpoints
prettyNum | Formatting Using C-style Formats
primitive | Call a “Primitive” Internal Function
print | Print Values
print.AsIs | Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
print.by | Apply a Function to a Data Frame split by Factors
print.condition | Condition Handling and Recovery
print.connection | Functions to Manipulate Connections
print.data.frame | Printing Data Frames
print.Date | Date Class
print.default | Default Printing
print.difftime | Time Intervals
print.DLLInfo | Get DLLs Loaded in Current Session
print.DLLInfoList | Get DLLs Loaded in Current Session
print.DLLRegisteredRoutines | Reflectance Information for C/Fortran routines in a DLL
print.factor | Print Values
print.hexmode | Display Numbers in Hexadecimal
print.htest | Print Values
print.libraryIQR | Loading and Listing of Packages
print.listof | Print Values
print.NativeRoutineList | Reflectance Information for C/Fortran routines in a DLL
print.noquote | Class for “no quote” Printing of Character Strings
print.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
print.octmode | Display Numbers in Octal
print.packageInfo | Loading and Listing of Packages
print.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
print.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
print.proc_time | Running Time of R
print.restart | Condition Handling and Recovery
print.rle | Run Length Encoding
print.simple.list | Print Values
print.srcfile | References to source files
print.srcref | References to source files
print.summary.table | Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
print.table | Print Values
print.warnings | Print Warning Messages
prmatrix | Print Matrices, Old-style
proc.time | Running Time of R
prod | Product of Vector Elements
promise | Delay Evaluation
promises | Delay Evaluation
prop.table | Express Table Entries as Fraction of Marginal Table
psigamma | Special Functions of Mathematics
pushBack | Push Text Back on to a Connection
pushBackLength | Push Text Back on to a Connection

## -- Q --

q | Terminate an R Session
qr | The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.Q | Reconstruct the Q, R, or X Matrices from a QR Object
qr.qty | The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.qy | The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.R | Reconstruct the Q, R, or X Matrices from a QR Object
qr.resid | The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.solve | The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
qr.X | Reconstruct the Q, R, or X Matrices from a QR Object
quarters | Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object
quit | Terminate an R Session
quote | Substituting and Quoting Expressions
Quotes | Quotes

## -- R --

R.home | Return the R Home Directory
R.Version | Version Information
R.version | Version Information
Random.user | User-supplied Random Number Generation
range | Range of Values
rank | Sample Ranks
rapply | Recursively Apply a Function to a List
raw | Raw Vectors
rawConnection | Raw Connections
rawConnectionValue | Raw Connections
rawShift | Convert to or from Raw Vectors
rawToBits | Convert to or from Raw Vectors
rawToChar | Convert to or from Raw Vectors
rbind | Combine R Objects by Rows or Columns
rcond | Compute or Estimate the Condition Number of a Matrix
Rd2dvi | Utilities for Processing Rd Files
Rd2txt | Utilities for Processing Rd Files
Rdconv | Utilities for Processing Rd Files
Re | Complex Vectors
read.dcf | Read and Write Data in DCF Format
readBin | Transfer Binary Data To and From Connections
readChar | Transfer Character Strings To and From Connections
readline | Read a Line from the Terminal
readLines | Read Text Lines from a Connection
real | Real Vectors
Recall | Recursive Calling
Reduce | Common Higher-Order Functions in Functional Programming Languages
reg.finalizer | Finalization of Objects
regex | Regular Expressions as used in R
regexp | Regular Expressions as used in R
regexpr | Pattern Matching and Replacement
regular expression | Regular Expressions as used in R
remove | Remove Objects from a Specified Environment
removeCConverter | Management of .C argument conversion list
removeTaskCallback | Add or remove a top-level task callback
Renviron | Initialization at Start of an R Session
rep | Replicate Elements of Vectors and Lists
rep.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
rep.POSIXct | Replicate Elements of Vectors and Lists
rep.POSIXlt | Replicate Elements of Vectors and Lists
repeat | Control Flow
replace | Replace Values in a Vector
replicate | Apply a Function over a List or Vector
require | Loading and Listing of Packages
Reserved | Reserved Words in R
reserved | Reserved Words in R
restartDescription | Condition Handling and Recovery
restartFormals | Condition Handling and Recovery
retracemem | Trace Copying of Objects
return | Function Definition
rev | Reverse Elements
rle | Run Length Encoding
rm | Remove Objects from a Specified Environment
RNG | Random Number Generation
RNGkind | Random Number Generation
RNGversion | Random Number Generation
round | Rounding of Numbers
round.Date | Round / Truncate Data-Time Objects
round.difftime | Time Intervals
round.POSIXt | Round / Truncate Data-Time Objects
row | Row Indexes
row.names | Get and Set Row Names for Data Frames
rowMeans | Form Row and Column Sums and Means
rownames | Row and Column Names
rowsum | Give column sums of a matrix or data frame, based on a grouping variable
rowSums | Form Row and Column Sums and Means
Rprofile | Initialization at Start of an R Session
R\_HOME | Return the R Home Directory
R_BATCH | Environment Variables
R_BROWSER | Environment Variables
R_COMPLETION | Environment Variables
R_DEFAULT_PACKAGES | Initialization at Start of an R Session
R_DOC_DIR | Environment Variables
R_DVIPSCMD | Environment Variables
R_ENVIRON | Initialization at Start of an R Session
R_ENVIRON_USER | Initialization at Start of an R Session
R_GSCMD | Environment Variables
R_HISTFILE | Environment Variables
R_HISTSIZE | Environment Variables
R_HOME | Return the R Home Directory
R_INCLUDE_DIR | Environment Variables
R_LATEXCMD | Environment Variables
R_LIBS | Search Paths for Packages
R_LIBS_SITE | Search Paths for Packages
R_LIBS_USER | Search Paths for Packages
R_MAKEINDEXCMD | Environment Variables
R_PAPERSIZE | Environment Variables
R_PDFLATEXCMD | Environment Variables
R_PDFVIEWER | Environment Variables
R_PLATFORM | Environment Variables
R_PRINTCMD | Environment Variables
R_PROFILE | Initialization at Start of an R Session
R_PROFILE_USER | Initialization at Start of an R Session
R_RD4DVI | Environment Variables
R_RD4PDF | Environment Variables
R_SHARE_DIR | Environment Variables
R_system_version | Numeric Versions
R_TEXI2DVICMD | Environment Variables
R_UNZIPCMD | Environment Variables
R_USER | Environment Variables
R_ZIPCMD | Environment Variables

## -- S --

S3groupGeneric | S3 Group Generic Functions
S3Methods | Class Methods
sample | Random Samples and Permutations
sapply | Apply a Function over a List or Vector
save | Save R Objects
scale | Scaling and Centering of Matrix-like Objects
scan | Read Data Values
Sd2Rd | Utilities for Processing Rd Files
search | Give Search Path for R Objects
searchpaths | Give Search Path for R Objects
seek | Functions to Reposition Connections
seq | Sequence Generation
seq.Date | Generate Regular Sequences of Dates
seq.default | Sequence Generation
seq.int | Sequence Generation
seq.POSIXt | Generate Regular Sequences of Dates
sequence | Create A Vector of Sequences
seq_along | Sequence Generation
seq_len | Sequence Generation
set.seed | Random Number Generation
setCConverterStatus | Management of .C argument conversion list
setdiff | Set Operations
setequal | Set Operations
setHook | Functions to Get and Set Hooks for Load, Attach, Detach and Unload
setSessionTimeLimit | Set CPU and/or Elapsed Time Limits
setTimeLimit | Set CPU and/or Elapsed Time Limits
setwd | Get or Set Working Directory
showConnections | Display Connections
shQuote | Quote Strings for Use in OS Shells
sign | Sign Function
signalCondition | Condition Handling and Recovery
Signals | Interrupting Execution of R
signif | Rounding of Numbers
simpleCondition | Condition Handling and Recovery
simpleError | Condition Handling and Recovery
simpleMessage | Condition Handling and Recovery
simpleWarning | Condition Handling and Recovery
sin | Trigonometric Functions
single | Double-Precision Vectors
sinh | Hyperbolic Functions
sink | Send R Output to a File
slice.index | Slice Indexes in an Array
socketConnection | Functions to Manipulate Connections
socketSelect | Wait on Socket Connections
solve | Solve a System of Equations
solve.qr | The QR Decomposition of a Matrix
sort | Sorting or Ordering Vectors
sort.list | Ordering Permutation
sort.POSIXlt | Sorting or Ordering Vectors
source | Read R Code from a File or a Connection
Special | Special Functions of Mathematics
split | Divide into Groups and Reassemble
split.Date | Date Class
split.default | Divide into Groups and Reassemble
split.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
sprintf | Use C-style String Formatting Commands
sqrt | Miscellaneous Mathematical Functions
sQuote | Quote Text
srcfile | References to source files
srcfile-class | References to source files
srcfilecopy | References to source files
srcfilecopy-class | References to source files
srcref | References to source files
srcref-class | References to source files
Startup | Initialization at Start of an R Session
stderr | Display Connections
stdin | Display Connections
stdout | Display Connections
stop | Stop Function Execution
stopifnot | Ensure the ‘Truth’ of R Expressions
storage.mode | The (Storage) Mode of an Object
str.POSIXt | Date-Time Classes
strftime | Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
strptime | Date-time Conversion Functions to and from Character
strsplit | Split the Elements of a Character Vector
strtrim | Trim Character Strings to Specified Widths
structure | Attribute Specification
strwrap | Wrap Character Strings to Format Paragraphs
sub | Pattern Matching and Replacement
Subscript | Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
subset | Subsetting Vectors, Matrices and Data Frames
substitute | Substituting and Quoting Expressions
substr | Substrings of a Character Vector
substring | Substrings of a Character Vector
sum | Sum of Vector Elements
Summary | S3 Group Generic Functions
summary | Object Summaries
summary.connection | Functions to Manipulate Connections
Summary.data.frame | S3 Group Generic Functions
summary.data.frame | Object Summaries
Summary.Date | Date Class
summary.Date | Date Class
summary.default | Object Summaries
Summary.difftime | Time Intervals
Summary.factor | Factors
summary.factor | Object Summaries
summary.matrix | Object Summaries
Summary.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
Summary.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
summary.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
Summary.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
summary.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
summary.table | Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
suppressMessages | Diagnostic Messages
suppressPackageStartupMessages | Diagnostic Messages
suppressWarnings | Warning Messages
svd | Singular Value Decomposition of a Matrix
sweep | Sweep out Array Summaries
switch | Select One of a List of Alternatives
Syntax | Operator Syntax and Precedence
sys.call | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
sys.calls | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
Sys.chmod | File and Directory Manipulation
Sys.Date | Get Current Date and Time
sys.frame | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
sys.frames | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
sys.function | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
Sys.getenv | Get Environment Variables
Sys.getlocale | Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
Sys.getpid | Get the Process ID of the R Session
Sys.glob | Wildcard Expansion on File Paths
Sys.info | Extract System and User Information
Sys.localeconv | Find Details of the Numerical and Monetary Representations in the Current Locale
sys.nframe | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
sys.on.exit | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
sys.parent | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
sys.parents | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
Sys.putenv | Deprecated Functions in Base package
Sys.setenv | Set or Unset Environment Variables
Sys.setlocale | Query or Set Aspects of the Locale
Sys.sleep | Suspend Execution for a Time Interval
sys.source | Parse and Evaluate Expressions from a File
sys.status | Functions to Access the Function Call Stack
Sys.time | Get Current Date and Time
Sys.timezone | Time Zones
Sys.umask | File and Directory Manipulation
Sys.unsetenv | Set or Unset Environment Variables
Sys.which | Find Full Paths of Executables
system | Invoke a System Command
system.file | Find Names of R System Files
system.time | CPU Time Used

## -- T --

T | Logical Vectors
t | Matrix Transpose
table | Cross Tabulation and Table Creation
tabulate | Tabulation for Vectors
tan | Trigonometric Functions
tanh | Hyperbolic Functions
tapply | Apply a Function Over a “Ragged” Array
taskCallbackManager | Create an R-level task callback manager
tcrossprod | Matrix Crossproduct
tempdir | Create Names for Temporary Files
tempfile | Create Names for Temporary Files
textConnection | Text Connections
textConnectionValue | Text Connections
tilde | Tilde Operator
time zone | Time Zones
time zones | Time Zones
timezone | Time Zones
tolower | Character Translation and Casefolding
topenv | Top Level Environment
toString | Convert an R Object to a Character String
toupper | Character Translation and Casefolding
trace | Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
traceback | Print Call Stacks
tracemem | Trace Copying of Objects
tracingState | Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
transform | Transform an Object, for Example a Data Frame
Trig | Trigonometric Functions
trigamma | Special Functions of Mathematics
TRUE | Logical Vectors
trunc | Rounding of Numbers
trunc.Date | Round / Truncate Data-Time Objects
trunc.POSIXt | Round / Truncate Data-Time Objects
truncate | Functions to Reposition Connections
try | Try an Expression Allowing Error Recovery
tryCatch | Condition Handling and Recovery
type | The Type of an Object
typeof | The Type of an Object
TZ | Time Zones
TZDIR | Time Zones

## -- U --

unclass | Object Classes
undebug | Debug a Function
union | Set Operations
unique | Extract Unique Elements
unique.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
unique.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
units | Time Intervals
unix.time | CPU Time Used
unlink | Delete Files and Directories
unlist | Flatten Lists
unloadNamespace | Loading and Unloading Name Spaces
unlockBinding | Binding and Environment Adjustments
unname | Remove ‘names’ or ‘dimnames’
unsplit | Divide into Groups and Reassemble
untrace | Interactive Tracing and Debugging of Calls to a Function or Method
untracemem | Trace Copying of Objects
unz | Functions to Manipulate Connections
upper.tri | Lower and Upper Triangular Part of a Matrix
url | Functions to Manipulate Connections
UseMethod | Class Methods
utf8ToInt | Convert to or from UTF-8-encoded Character Vectors

## -- V --

vector | Vectors
Vectorize | Apply a function to multiple list or vector arguments
version | Version Information

## -- W --

warning | Warning Messages
warnings | Print Warning Messages
weekdays | Extract Parts of a POSIXt or Date Object
which | Which indices are TRUE?
which.max | Where is the Min() or Max() ?
which.min | Where is the Min() or Max() ?
while | Control Flow
with | Evaluate an Expression in a Data Environment
withCallingHandlers | Condition Handling and Recovery
within | Evaluate an Expression in a Data Environment
withRestarts | Condition Handling and Recovery
write | Write Data to a File
write.dcf | Read and Write Data in DCF Format
writeBin | Transfer Binary Data To and From Connections
writeChar | Transfer Character Strings To and From Connections
writeLines | Write Lines to a Connection

## -- X --

xor | Logical Operators
xtfrm | Auxiliary Function for Sorting and Ranking
xtfrm.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
xtfrm.POSIXct | Auxiliary Function for Sorting and Ranking
xtfrm.POSIXlt | Auxiliary Function for Sorting and Ranking
xtfrm.Surv | Auxiliary Function for Sorting and Ranking

## -- Z --

zapsmall | Rounding of Numbers

## -- misc --

[ | Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
[.AsIs | Inhibit Interpretation/Conversion of Objects
[.data.frame | Extract or Replace Parts of a Data Frame
[.Date | Date Class
[.difftime | Time Intervals
[.factor | Extract or Replace Parts of a Factor
[.hexmode | Display Numbers in Hexadecimal
[.listof | Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
[.noquote | Class for “no quote” Printing of Character Strings
[.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
[.octmode | Display Numbers in Octal
[.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
[.POSIXlt | Date-Time Classes
[.simple.list | Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
[[ | Extract or Replace Parts of an Object
[[.data.frame | Extract or Replace Parts of a Data Frame
[[.Date | Date Class
[[.factor | Extract or Replace Parts of a Factor
[[.numeric_version | Numeric Versions
[[.POSIXct | Date-Time Classes
^ | Arithmetic Operators
` | Quotes
{ | Parentheses and Braces
| | Logical Operators
|| | Logical Operators
~ | Tilde Operator