Arduino

Reference Language | Libraries | Comparison | Changes

# Language Reference

Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: structure, values (variables and constants), and functions.

### Structure setup() loop() #### Control Structures if if...else for switch case while do... while break continue return goto #### Further Syntax ; (semicolon) {} (curly braces) // (single line comment) /* */ (multi-line comment) #define #include #### Arithmetic Operators = (assignment operator) + (addition) - (subtraction) * (multiplication) / (division) % (modulo) #### Comparison Operators == (equal to) != (not equal to) < (less than) > (greater than) <= (less than or equal to) >= (greater than or equal to) #### Boolean Operators && (and) || (or) ! (not) #### Pointer Access Operators * dereference operator & reference operator #### Bitwise Operators & (bitwise and) | (bitwise or) ^ (bitwise xor) ~ (bitwise not) << (bitshift left) >> (bitshift right) #### Compound Operators ++ (increment) -- (decrement) += (compound addition) -= (compound subtraction) *= (compound multiplication) /= (compound division) &= (compound bitwise and) |= (compound bitwise or) | ### Variables #### Constants HIGH | LOW INPUT | OUTPUT | INPUT_PULLUP LED_BUILTIN true | false integer constants floating point constants #### Data Types void boolean char unsigned char byte int unsigned int word long unsigned long short float double string - char array String - object array #### Conversion char() byte() int() word() long() float() #### Variable Scope & Qualifiers variable scope static volatile const #### Utilities sizeof() PROGMEM | ### Functions #### Digital I/O pinMode() digitalWrite() digitalRead() #### Analog I/O analogReference() analogRead() analogWrite() - PWM #### Due only analogReadResolution() analogWriteResolution() #### Advanced I/O tone() noTone() shiftOut() shiftIn() pulseIn() #### Time millis() micros() delay() delayMicroseconds() #### Math min() max() abs() constrain() map() pow() sqrt() #### Trigonometry sin() cos() tan() #### Random Numbers randomSeed() random() #### Bits and Bytes lowByte() highByte() bitRead() bitWrite() bitSet() bitClear() bit() #### External Interrupts attachInterrupt() detachInterrupt() #### Interrupts interrupts() noInterrupts() #### Communication Serial Stream #### USB (Leonardo and Due only) Keyboard Mouse #### Looking for something else? See the libraries page for interfacing with particular types of hardware. Try the list of community-contributed code. The Arduino language is based on C/C++. It links against AVR Libc and allows the use of any of its functions; see its user manual for details.

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Corrections, suggestions, and new documentation should be posted to the Forum.

The text of the Arduino reference is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Code samples in the reference are released into the public domain.

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