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## 4. Packing Widgets

When creating an application, you'll want to put more than one widget inside a window. Our first helloworld example only used one widget so we could simply use a gtk_container_add call to "pack" the widget into the window. But when you want to put more than one widget into a window, how do you control where that widget is positioned? This is where packing comes in.

## 4.1 Theory of Packing Boxes

Most packing is done by creating boxes as in the example above. These are invisible widget containers that we can pack our widgets into which come in two forms, a horizontal box, and a vertical box. When packing widgets into a horizontal box, the objects are inserted horizontally from left to right or right to left depending on the call used. In a vertical box, widgets are packed from top to bottom or vice versa. You may use any combination of boxes inside or beside other boxes to create the desired effect.

To create a new horizontal box, we use a call to gtk_hbox_new(), and for vertical boxes, gtk_vbox_new(). The gtk_box_pack_start() and gtk_box_pack_end() functions are used to place objects inside of these containers. The gtk_box_pack_start() function will start at the top and work its way down in a vbox, and pack left to right in an hbox. gtk_box_pack_end() will do the opposite, packing from bottom to top in a vbox, and right to left in an hbox. Using these functions allows us to right justify or left justify our widgets and may be mixed in any way to achieve the desired effect. We will use gtk_box_pack_start() in most of our examples. An object may be another container or a widget. In fact, many widgets are actually containers themselves, including the button, but we usually only use a label inside a button.

By using these calls, GTK knows where you want to place your widgets so it can do automatic resizing and other nifty things. There are also a number of options as to how your widgets should be packed. As you can imagine, this method gives us a quite a bit of flexibility when placing and creating widgets.

## 4.2 Details of Boxes

Because of this flexibility, packing boxes in GTK can be confusing at first. There are a lot of options, and it's not immediately obvious how they all fit together. In the end, however, there are basically five different styles.

Each line contains one horizontal box (hbox) with several buttons. The call to gtk_box_pack is shorthand for the call to pack each of the buttons into the hbox. Each of the buttons is packed into the hbox the same way (i.e., same arguments to the gtk_box_pack_start() function).

This is the declaration of the gtk_box_pack_start function.

> `

>     void gtk_box_pack_start( GtkBox    *box,
>                              GtkWidget *child,
>                              gint       expand,
>                              gint       fill,
>                              gint       padding );

> `

The first argument is the box you are packing the object into, the second is the object. The objects will all be buttons for now, so we'll be packing buttons into boxes.

The expand argument to gtk_box_pack_start() and gtk_box_pack_end() controls whether the widgets are laid out in the box to fill in all the extra space in the box so the box is expanded to fill the area allotted to it (TRUE); or the box is shrunk to just fit the widgets (FALSE). Setting expand to FALSE will allow you to do right and left justification of your widgets. Otherwise, they will all expand to fit into the box, and the same effect could be achieved by using only one of gtk_box_pack_start or gtk_box_pack_end.

The fill argument to the gtk_box_pack functions control whether the extra space is allocated to the objects themselves (TRUE), or as extra padding in the box around these objects (FALSE). It only has an effect if the expand argument is also TRUE.

When creating a new box, the function looks like this:

> `

>     GtkWidget *gtk_hbox_new (gint homogeneous,
>                              gint spacing);

> `

The homogeneous argument to gtk_hbox_new (and the same for gtk_vbox_new) controls whether each object in the box has the same size (i.e., the same width in an hbox, or the same height in a vbox). If it is set, the gtk_box_pack routines function essentially as if the `expand` argument was always turned on.

What's the difference between spacing (set when the box is created) and padding (set when elements are packed)? Spacing is added between objects, and padding is added on either side of an object. The following figure should make it clearer:

Here is the code used to create the above images. I've commented it fairly heavily so I hope you won't have any problems following it. Compile it yourself and play with it.

## 4.3 Packing Demonstration Program

> `

>     /* example-start packbox packbox.c */

>     #include <stdio.h>
>     #include <stdlib.h>
>     #include "gtk/gtk.h"

>     gint delete_event( GtkWidget *widget,
>                        GdkEvent  *event,
>                        gpointer   data )
>     {
>         gtk_main_quit();
>         return(FALSE);
>     }

>     /* Make a new hbox filled with button-labels. Arguments for the
>      * variables we're interested are passed in to this function.
>      * We do not show the box, but do show everything inside. */
>     GtkWidget *make_box( gint homogeneous,
>                          gint spacing,
>                          gint expand,
>                          gint fill,
>                          gint padding )
>     {
>         GtkWidget *box;
>         GtkWidget *button;
>         char padstr[80];

>         /* Create a new hbox with the appropriate homogeneous
>          * and spacing settings */
>         box = gtk_hbox_new (homogeneous, spacing);

>         /* Create a series of buttons with the appropriate settings */
>         button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("gtk_box_pack");
>         gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
>         gtk_widget_show (button);

>         button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("(box,");
>         gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
>         gtk_widget_show (button);

>         button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("button,");
>         gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
>         gtk_widget_show (button);

>         /* Create a button with the label depending on the value of
>          * expand. */
>         if (expand == TRUE)
>                 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("TRUE,");
>         else
>                 button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("FALSE,");

>         gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
>         gtk_widget_show (button);

>         /* This is the same as the button creation for "expand"
>          * above, but uses the shorthand form. */
>         button = gtk_button_new_with_label (fill ? "TRUE," : "FALSE,");
>         gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
>         gtk_widget_show (button);

>         sprintf (padstr, "%d);", padding);

>         button = gtk_button_new_with_label (padstr);
>         gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box), button, expand, fill, padding);
>         gtk_widget_show (button);

>         return box;
>     }

>     int main( int   argc,
>               char *argv[])
>     {
>         GtkWidget *window;
>         GtkWidget *button;
>         GtkWidget *box1;
>         GtkWidget *box2;
>         GtkWidget *separator;
>         GtkWidget *label;
>         GtkWidget *quitbox;
>         int which;

>         /* Our init, don't forget this! :) */
>         gtk_init (&argc, &argv);

>         if (argc != 2) {
>             fprintf (stderr, "usage: packbox num, where num is 1, 2, or 3.\n");
>             /* This just does cleanup in GTK and exits with an exit status of 1. */
>             gtk_exit (1);
>         }

>         which = atoi (argv[1]);

>         /* Create our window */
>         window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);

>         /* You should always remember to connect the delete_event signal
>          * to the main window. This is very important for proper intuitive
>          * behavior */
>         gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
>                             GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (delete_event), NULL);
>         gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 10);

>         /* We create a vertical box (vbox) to pack the horizontal boxes into.
>          * This allows us to stack the horizontal boxes filled with buttons one
>          * on top of the other in this vbox. */
>         box1 = gtk_vbox_new (FALSE, 0);

>         /* which example to show. These correspond to the pictures above. */
>         switch (which) {
>         case 1:
>             /* create a new label. */
>             label = gtk_label_new ("gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);");

>             /* Align the label to the left side.  We'll discuss this function and
>              * others in the section on Widget Attributes. */
>             gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0);

>             /* Pack the label into the vertical box (vbox box1).  Remember that
>              * widgets added to a vbox will be packed one on top of the other in
>              * order. */
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);

>             /* Show the label */
>             gtk_widget_show (label);

>             /* Call our make box function - homogeneous = FALSE, spacing = 0,
>              * expand = FALSE, fill = FALSE, padding = 0 */
>             box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             /* Call our make box function - homogeneous = FALSE, spacing = 0,
>              * expand = TRUE, fill = FALSE, padding = 0 */
>             box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, TRUE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
>             box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             /* Creates a separator, we'll learn more about these later,
>              * but they are quite simple. */
>             separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();

>             /* Pack the separator into the vbox. Remember each of these
>              * widgets is being packed into a vbox, so they'll be stacked
>              * vertically. */
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
>             gtk_widget_show (separator);

>             /* Create another new label, and show it. */
>             label = gtk_label_new ("gtk_hbox_new (TRUE, 0);");
>             gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (label);

>             /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
>             box2 = make_box (TRUE, 0, TRUE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
>             box2 = make_box (TRUE, 0, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             /* Another new separator. */
>             separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
>             /* The last 3 arguments to gtk_box_pack_start are:
>              * expand, fill, padding. */
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
>             gtk_widget_show (separator);

>             break;

>         case 2:

>             /* Create a new label, remember box1 is a vbox as created
>              * near the beginning of main() */
>             label = gtk_label_new ("gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 10);");
>             gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (label);

>             /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
>             box2 = make_box (FALSE, 10, TRUE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
>             box2 = make_box (FALSE, 10, TRUE, TRUE, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
>             /* The last 3 arguments to gtk_box_pack_start are:
>              * expand, fill, padding. */
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
>             gtk_widget_show (separator);

>             label = gtk_label_new ("gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);");
>             gtk_misc_set_alignment (GTK_MISC (label), 0, 0);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (label);

>             /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
>             box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, TRUE, FALSE, 10);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             /* Args are: homogeneous, spacing, expand, fill, padding */
>             box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, TRUE, TRUE, 10);
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
>             /* The last 3 arguments to gtk_box_pack_start are: expand, fill, padding. */
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
>             gtk_widget_show (separator);
>             break;

>         case 3:

>             /* This demonstrates the ability to use gtk_box_pack_end() to
>              * right justify widgets. First, we create a new box as before. */
>             box2 = make_box (FALSE, 0, FALSE, FALSE, 0);

>             /* Create the label that will be put at the end. */
>             label = gtk_label_new ("end");
>             /* Pack it using gtk_box_pack_end(), so it is put on the right
>              * side of the hbox created in the make_box() call. */
>             gtk_box_pack_end (GTK_BOX (box2), label, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             /* Show the label. */
>             gtk_widget_show (label);

>             /* Pack box2 into box1 (the vbox remember ? :) */
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), box2, FALSE, FALSE, 0);
>             gtk_widget_show (box2);

>             /* A separator for the bottom. */
>             separator = gtk_hseparator_new ();
>             /* This explicitly sets the separator to 400 pixels wide by 5 pixels
>              * high. This is so the hbox we created will also be 400 pixels wide,
>              * and the "end" label will be separated from the other labels in the
>              * hbox. Otherwise, all the widgets in the hbox would be packed as
>              * close together as possible. */
>             gtk_widget_set_usize (separator, 400, 5);
>             /* pack the separator into the vbox (box1) created near the start
>              * of main() */
>             gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), separator, FALSE, TRUE, 5);
>             gtk_widget_show (separator);
>         }

>         /* Create another new hbox.. remember we can use as many as we need! */
>         quitbox = gtk_hbox_new (FALSE, 0);

>         /* Our quit button. */
>         button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Quit");

>         /* Setup the signal to terminate the program when the button is clicked */
>         gtk_signal_connect_object (GTK_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
>                                    GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (gtk_main_quit),
>                                    GTK_OBJECT (window));
>         /* Pack the button into the quitbox.
>          * The last 3 arguments to gtk_box_pack_start are:
>          * expand, fill, padding. */
>         gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (quitbox), button, TRUE, FALSE, 0);
>         /* pack the quitbox into the vbox (box1) */
>         gtk_box_pack_start (GTK_BOX (box1), quitbox, FALSE, FALSE, 0);

>         /* Pack the vbox (box1) which now contains all our widgets, into the
>          * main window. */
>         gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), box1);

>         /* And show everything left */
>         gtk_widget_show (button);
>         gtk_widget_show (quitbox);

>         gtk_widget_show (box1);
>         /* Showing the window last so everything pops up at once. */
>         gtk_widget_show (window);

>         /* And of course, our main function. */
>         gtk_main ();

>         /* Control returns here when gtk_main_quit() is called, but not when
>          * gtk_exit is used. */

>         return(0);
>     }
>     /* example-end */

> `

## 4.4 Packing Using Tables

Let's take a look at another way of packing - Tables. These can be extremely useful in certain situations.

Using tables, we create a grid that we can place widgets in. The widgets may take up as many spaces as we specify.

The first thing to look at, of course, is the gtk_table_new function:

> `

>     GtkWidget *gtk_table_new( gint rows,
>                               gint columns,
>                               gint homogeneous );

> `

The first argument is the number of rows to make in the table, while the second, obviously, is the number of columns.

The homogeneous argument has to do with how the table's boxes are sized. If homogeneous is TRUE, the table boxes are resized to the size of the largest widget in the table. If homogeneous is FALSE, the size of a table boxes is dictated by the tallest widget in its same row, and the widest widget in its column.

The rows and columns are laid out from 0 to n, where n was the number specified in the call to gtk_table_new. So, if you specify rows = 2 and columns = 2, the layout would look something like this:

> `

>      0          1          2
>     0+----------+----------+
>      |          |          |
>     1+----------+----------+
>      |          |          |
>     2+----------+----------+

> `

Note that the coordinate system starts in the upper left hand corner. To place a widget into a box, use the following function:

> `

>     void gtk_table_attach( GtkTable  *table,
>                            GtkWidget *child,
>                            gint       left_attach,
>                            gint       right_attach,
>                            gint       top_attach,
>                            gint       bottom_attach,
>                            gint       xoptions,
>                            gint       yoptions,
>                            gint       xpadding,
>                            gint       ypadding );

> `

The first argument ("table") is the table you've created and the second ("child") the widget you wish to place in the table.

The left and right attach arguments specify where to place the widget, and how many boxes to use. If you want a button in the lower right table entry of our 2x2 table, and want it to fill that entry ONLY, left_attach would be = 1, right_attach = 2, top_attach = 1, bottom_attach = 2.

Now, if you wanted a widget to take up the whole top row of our 2x2 table, you'd use left_attach = 0, right_attach = 2, top_attach = 0, bottom_attach = 1.

The xoptions and yoptions are used to specify packing options and may be bitwise OR'ed together to allow multiple options.

These options are:

- `GTK_FILL` - If the table box is larger than the widget, and `GTK_FILL` is specified, the widget will expand to use all the room available.
- `GTK_SHRINK` - If the table widget was allocated less space then was requested (usually by the user resizing the window), then the widgets would normally just be pushed off the bottom of the window and disappear. If `GTK_SHRINK` is specified, the widgets will shrink with the table.
- `GTK_EXPAND` - This will cause the table to expand to use up any remaining space in the window.

Padding is just like in boxes, creating a clear area around the widget specified in pixels.

gtk_table_attach() has a LOT of options. So, there's a shortcut:

> `

>     void gtk_table_attach_defaults( GtkTable  *table,
>                                     GtkWidget *widget,
>                                     gint       left_attach,
>                                     gint       right_attach,
>                                     gint       top_attach,
>                                     gint       bottom_attach );

> `

The X and Y options default to `GTK_FILL | GTK_EXPAND`, and X and Y padding are set to 0. The rest of the arguments are identical to the previous function.

We also have gtk_table_set_row_spacing() and gtk_table_set_col_spacing(). These places spacing between the rows at the specified row or column.

> `

>     void gtk_table_set_row_spacing( GtkTable *table,
>                                     gint      row,
>                                     gint      spacing );

> `

and

> `

>     void gtk_table_set_col_spacing ( GtkTable *table,
>                                      gint      column,
>                                      gint      spacing );

> `

Note that for columns, the space goes to the right of the column, and for rows, the space goes below the row.

You can also set a consistent spacing of all rows and/or columns with:

> `

>     void gtk_table_set_row_spacings( GtkTable *table,
>                                      gint      spacing );

> `

And,

> `

>     void gtk_table_set_col_spacings( GtkTable *table,
>                                      gint      spacing );

> `

Note that with these calls, the last row and last column do not get any spacing.

## 4.5 Table Packing Example

Here we make a window with three buttons in a 2x2 table. The first two buttons will be placed in the upper row. A third, quit button, is placed in the lower row, spanning both columns. Which means it should look something like this:

Here's the source code:

> `

>     /* example-start table table.c */

>     #include <gtk/gtk.h>

>     /* Our callback.
>      * The data passed to this function is printed to stdout */
>     void callback( GtkWidget *widget,
>                    gpointer   data )
>     {
>         g_print ("Hello again - %s was pressed\n", (char *) data);
>     }

>     /* This callback quits the program */
>     gint delete_event( GtkWidget *widget,
>                        GdkEvent  *event,
>                        gpointer   data )
>     {
>         gtk_main_quit ();
>         return(FALSE);
>     }

>     int main( int   argc,
>               char *argv[] )
>     {
>         GtkWidget *window;
>         GtkWidget *button;
>         GtkWidget *table;

>         gtk_init (&argc, &argv);

>         /* Create a new window */
>         window = gtk_window_new (GTK_WINDOW_TOPLEVEL);

>         /* Set the window title */
>         gtk_window_set_title (GTK_WINDOW (window), "Table");

>         /* Set a handler for delete_event that immediately
>          * exits GTK. */
>         gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (window), "delete_event",
>                             GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (delete_event), NULL);

>         /* Sets the border width of the window. */
>         gtk_container_set_border_width (GTK_CONTAINER (window), 20);

>         /* Create a 2x2 table */
>         table = gtk_table_new (2, 2, TRUE);

>         /* Put the table in the main window */
>         gtk_container_add (GTK_CONTAINER (window), table);

>         /* Create first button */
>         button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("button 1");

>         /* When the button is clicked, we call the "callback" function
>          * with a pointer to "button 1" as its argument */
>         gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
>                   GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (callback), (gpointer) "button 1");

>         /* Insert button 1 into the upper left quadrant of the table */
>         gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE(table), button, 0, 1, 0, 1);

>         gtk_widget_show (button);

>         /* Create second button */

>         button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("button 2");

>         /* When the button is clicked, we call the "callback" function
>          * with a pointer to "button 2" as its argument */
>         gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
>                   GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (callback), (gpointer) "button 2");
>         /* Insert button 2 into the upper right quadrant of the table */
>         gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE(table), button, 1, 2, 0, 1);

>         gtk_widget_show (button);

>         /* Create "Quit" button */
>         button = gtk_button_new_with_label ("Quit");

>         /* When the button is clicked, we call the "delete_event" function
>          * and the program exits */
>         gtk_signal_connect (GTK_OBJECT (button), "clicked",
>                             GTK_SIGNAL_FUNC (delete_event), NULL);

>         /* Insert the quit button into the both
>          * lower quadrants of the table */
>         gtk_table_attach_defaults (GTK_TABLE(table), button, 0, 2, 1, 2);

>         gtk_widget_show (button);

>         gtk_widget_show (table);
>         gtk_widget_show (window);

>         gtk_main ();

>         return 0;
>     }
>     /* example-end */

> `

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